Continuous Time Convolution

Continuous Time Convolution
In this animation, the continuous time

convolution of signals is discussed.
Convolution is the operation to obtain
response of a linear system to input x(t). The
output y(t) is given as a weighted
superposition of impulse responses, time
shifted by
Course Name: Signals and Systems Level: UG
Learning Objectives
After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to:
Explain the convolution of two continuous time signals
Definitions of the components/Keywords:
5
3
2
4
1
Convolution of two signals:

Let x(t) and h(t) are two continuous signals to be convolved.

The convolution of two signals is denoted by

which means

where t is the variable of integration.

Master Layout
5
3
2
4
1
**
22
2 1
t
f(t)
--22 1
2
t
g(t)
t
y(t)
0 2 3 -2
1
Signals taken to convolve
Output of the
convolution
Step 1:
1
5
3
2
4

Instruction for the animator Text to be displayed in the working area (DT)
The first point in DT has to appear
before the figures.
Then the blue figure has to appear.
After that the red figure has to appear.
After the figures, the next point in DT
has to appear.

f(t) and g(t) are the two continuous signals to be convolved.
The convolution of the signals is denoted by

which means

where t is a dummy variable.
22
2 1
t
f(t) = 2
--22 1
2
t
g(t)= -t+1
Step 2:
1
5
3
2
4
The figure in blue in fig. a has to
appear then its label should appear.
Then the red figure has to appear.
After that the labeling of red figure
has to appear.
In parallel to the fig. the text in DT has
to appear.
First two sentences in DT has to
appear with fig. a
The last sentence should appear with
fig. b.

The signal f(t ) is shown
The reversed version of g(t) i.e., g(-t ) is shown
The shifted version of g(-t) i.e., g(t-t) is shown
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-2
g(-t)
Fig. a Fig. b
-1
Step 3:
1
5
3
2
4
Calculation of y(t) in five stages
The figure in blue has to appear then
its label should appear.
has to appear.
to appear.
After the figures, the 3, 4 lines in DT
should appear.

The reversal and shifted version of g(t) i.e., g(t-t ) is shown
Two functions do not overlap
Area under the product of the functions is zero

Stage - I : t < -2
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t
Step 4:
1
5
3
2
4
has to appear.
to appear.
should appear.

Part of g(t-t ) overlaps part of f(t )
Area under the product

Stage - II : -2 t < -1
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t
Step 5:
1
5
3
2
4
has to appear.
to appear.
should appear.

g(t-t ) completely overlaps f(t )

Stage - III : -1 t < 2
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t
Step 6:
1
5
3
2
4
has to appear.
to appear.
should appear.

Part of g(t-t ) overlaps part of f(t )

Stage - IV : 2 t < 3
2
t
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t 2
Step 7:
1
5
3
2
4
has to appear.
to appear.
should appear.

Two functions do not overlap
Area under the product of the functions is zero

Stage - V : t 3
2
t
2
f(t)
1
-1 + t -2
g(t-t)
t
Step 8:
1
5
3
2
4
Output of Convolution
The figure in green has to appear then
to appear.
After the figure, the equations in DT
should appear .

The signal y(t) is shown

t
y(t)
0 2
3
-2
1
>
< s +
< s
< s
<
= =
3 for 0
3 2 for 9 6
2 1 for 1
1 2 for 2
2 for 0
) ( * ) ( ) (
2
2
t
t t t
t
t t t
t
t g t f t y
The four signals must be repeated under select for both f(t) and g(t)
Introduction
Credits
13
Definitions
Test your understanding
(questionnaire)
Lets Sum up (summary)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
Electrical Engineering
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1
-1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
The signal selected under f(t) must be shown
Introduction
Credits
14
Definitions
(questionnaire)
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(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
The signal selected under g(t) must be shown
Introduction
Credits
15
Definitions
(questionnaire)
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(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1
-1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
The red figure is the shifted and reversed version of g(t) The slides 16-21 should be shown in a smooth fashion
Introduction
Credits
16
Definitions
(questionnaire)
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(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1
-1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
Introduction
Credits
17
Definitions
(questionnaire)
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(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
Introduction
Credits
18
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
Introduction
Credits
19
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
Introduction
Credits
20
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
Introduction
Credits
21
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Try it yourself
Interactivity:
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
-1
f(t ) and g(t-t )
f(t ) g(t-t )

+1
-1 -1
+1
Select Select
t
t
t
t t
f(t)
g(t)
+1 +1
+1
-1
The same procedure is done to the above given combination of signals
Introduction
Credits
22
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
+1
-1
*
*
+1
+1
-1
*
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
t
f(t)
+1
-1
t
f(t)
The same procedure is done to the above given combination of signals
Introduction
Credits
23
Definitions
(questionnaire)
Want to know more
(Further Reading)
Analogy
Slide
1
Slide
3
Slide
24-26
Slide
28
Slide
27
+1
-1
*
+1
+1 +1
*
Questionnaire
1. If the unit-impulse response of an LTI system and the input signal
both are rectangular pulses, then the output will be a
Answers: a) rectangular pulse b) triangular pulse
c) ramp function d) none of the above

2. Find Convolution
*
Answers: a) b)

1
5
2
4
3
(t-5) x(t)
5
5 5
Questionnaire

3. If impulse response and input signal both are unit step
responses, then the output will be
*

Answers: a) Triangular pulse b) Unit step function
c) Ramp function d) None of the above

4. The convolution integral is given by
i) ii)
Hint: let
Answers: a) i b) ii c) Both i and ii d) either i or ii
1
5
2
4
3
Questionnaire

5. If h(t) is a unit-step function and x(t) is a unit-ramp function, then
the output y(t) will be a
Answers:
a) step function b) ramp function
c) Triangular pulse d) Quadratic function
1
5
2
4
3
Links for further reading
Reference websites:
Books:
Signals & Systems Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, S. Hamid
Nawab, PHI learning, Second edition.
Signals and Systems Simon Haykin, Barry Van Veen, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Research papers:
Summary
The convolution operation is used to obtain the output of linear
time invariant system in response to an arbitrary input.
In continuous time, the representation of signals is taken to be
the weighted integrals of shifted unit impulses.
The convolution integral of two continuous signals is represented
as

where

The convolution integral provides a concise, mathematical way to
express the output of an LTI system based on an arbitrary
continuous-time input signal and the systems response.

Continuous Time Convolution

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Continuous Time Convolution

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Continuous Time Convolution

In this animation, the continuous time

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