Maintenance and Use of Woodworking Hand Tools

Marking Out Tools

Usually ranging from 150
mm to 1000 mm with
finer markings. Used for
accurate setting out of
tool settings such as Steel Rule
Gauges

Folding Rule
Made of wood or
plastic. The most usual
lengths being 1000 or
1200 mm. Used for
general setting out
and measuring.
60 90 120
 Retractable
Tape Measure

Metal tape in a plastic or metal case,

the most popular ranging between 3 m
and 5 m. Used for general setting out
and measuring over longer distances.

Marking Knife

Used for accurate marking of wrot timber

where joints or cuts are to be made With a
steel blade sharpened from one side only and
with a wood, leather or plastic handle.
60 90 120
Used for accurate marking of wrot timber where joints or cuts are to be made With
a steel blade sharpened from one side only and with a wood, leather or plastic
handle.

Standard and Carpenters Pencils

Pencils with soft to medium hardness

60 90 120
lead
 Similar to those used in technical
drawing and used for a similar purpose.

Trammel Heads or Pins

Dividers

These can be fitted onto various lengths of wood,

which pass through points marked ‘A’ on sketch.
Used similarly to dividers but for greater
distances. Can be used as a compass when a
pencil is passed through point ‘B’.
60 90 120
 Try Square

Steel blade with a plastic or Hardwood

handle (stock). Popular sizes are 150mm
and 300mm blade lengths. Used for
marking at 90° to a straight edge

The figure below shows a method of checking the accuracy of a Try

Square. This should be carried out at regular intervals to avoid errors in
work. Any gaps show the Square is out if true and needs to be replaced.
60 90 120
 Combination Square

Having all metal parts.

The sliding blade (beam) being 300mm in length is usually marked off
in millimetres and centimetres.

The Stock having both 90° and 45° angles is used similarly to the Try
Square but has the added advantage of 45° measurements

60 90 120
 45° Fixed Bevel (Mitre
Square)

Blade and Stock are similar to the Try Square but

are set at an angle for marking out at 45° from a
straight edge

60 90 120
Sliding
Bevel

Blade and Stock are similar to

the Try Square but with an
adjustable blade for setting and
marking any given angle from a
straight edge.

60 90 120
 Internal and External
Mitre Sets

Preferably made of soft metal and used for marking

timber moulds (not intended for use as a chisel
guide when paring)
60 90 120
 Marking Gauge

Usually made from Beech or Rosewood

with a plastic thumbscrew and steel scribe
pin. Used for marking cutting lines
parallel to the straight edge.

60 90 120
Again, usually made from Beech or Rosewood with brass
inserts, slides and adjustment screws.

Used for marking “double” cutting lines for Mortices and

Tenons. It is essential to follow face side & edge lines when
using these marking tools

60 90 120
Most plane irons are are angled at around
450

Stanley
Tools
Jack Plane

The Jacker is a longer plane (350 – 380mm) and is

used for planing sawn timber with better accuracy
than a smoother.

60 90 120
The smoother has a “sole” between 240mm – 260mm
and is used for finishing timber products

Smoothing Plane

A corrugated sole is available on

the 240 – 245mm sizes for
mainly resinous timbers 60 90 120
 Try Plane

The Try plane is used for planing long

straight edges & jointing timber. It is the
plane of choice for “shooting” door edges
because of it’s long sole of 455 – 610 mm.
A corrugated sole is available
60 90 120
Block Plane

The block plane has a

sharper cutting angle
(around 250) and is used to
give a planed finish to end
grain 60 90 120
 Lateral
Adjustment
Cutting Iron
Lever
(Blade)
‘Y’Adjusting Cap Iron
Lever
(wishbone) Lever Cap

Cap Iron Screw

Adjustment
Nut
(thumb wheel) Lever Cap Screw

Stanley
Tools
60 90 120
 Special
planes

Rebate Plane

With side fence and depth stop.

Used for forming rebates 60 90 120
 Special planes

Shoulder Plane

Used for fine finishing inside rebates and

shoulders
60 90 120
Used as a Shoulder Plane but for confined areas
(cutting iron is close to “toe end”)

Bullnose Plane

60 90 120
 Open Throat Router or Hand
Router
(granny’s tooth)
The granny’s tooth is used
for “bottoming out” grooves
and trenches 60 90 120
Used for forming grooves,.

There is also a combination

plane available for forming other
moulds using a selection of
specialist cutting irons

Plough Plane

60 90 120
Spokeshave

Used for forming curves with a flat sole

for convex surfaces or rounded sole for
concaved surfaces

60 90 120
The firmer chisel is a good sturdy tool for general joinery work

Firmer Chisel

Here are some

examples of the
various shapes
and sizes of
chisels, all of
which are
designed to
perform
different tasks.

60 90 120
 The bevel edge
chisel is for
general joinery
work into acute
Bevel Edge Chisel corners

60 90 120
For heavier duty work such as
cutting mortices, chopping
work etc.

Mortice Chisels

60 90 120
 Scribing Gouge

This most common of the gouges is used for

paring internal radius corners and scribing
moulded work such as tenon shoulders.

60 90 120
 A wooden mallet is preferred for striking
chisels used for chopping.

The design of the chisel handle will often give a clue as

to its use.

If the handle is wooden, with a steel ferrule at both top and

bottom it is for striking with a hammer, as this would cause deep
bruising of the mallet.

60 90 120
The type of cut produced by a handsaw is determined by
the type of saw tooth. The bigger the tooth, the
rougher the cutting action

Hand saws

60 90 120
Panel Saw- Relatively fine 10 teeth per 25mm. The
panel saw is ideal for ripping panels from sheet
material. With a low cutting angle, these fine teeth
can produce an accurate and fine cut.

60 90 120
Rip Saw– 4 to 6 teeth per 25mm. A rip saw is for
ripping down the grain of solid timber. It’s large
chisel shaped teeth make easy work of end grain.

60 90 120
 It is called a crosscut as it is
very handy for cutting across
the grain of solid timbers and
is capable of producing
reasonable cuts to sheet
panels.

Crosscut / Panel Saw- 7 to 8

teeth . This saw is a
compromise between the Rip
Saw and the panel saw.
60 90 120
 This example is of a typical tenon saw.

Tenon saws have a blade length of 300 – 450mm with 12

to 14 teeth per 25mm.

60 90 120
Saws that have a rigid back are known as
“Backed Saws”.

Backed saws are generally for fine cutting

60 90 120
Dovetail Saw

Sometimes referred to as the Gentleman’s saw, it

has a
blade length of 200 – 250mm with 16 – 20 teeth
per 25mm.

60 90 120
 Blade length of 200–300mm
with 10 teeth per 25mm.

A good saw for small

operations such as
forming keyways on
external doors and small
curved work where
accuracy might not be
essential
Pad or Keyhole Saw
60 90 120
Blade length of 160mm with 14 teeth per 25mm.

The saw of choice for cutting most

small curved work for bench joinery /
site work etc. (scribed work)

60 90 120
 Bow Saw

Used for cross cutting large sections

of structural timbers.

60 90 120
 Junior Hacksaw

Useful in the Joiners kit for cutting

various bolts, lock spindles etc.

60 90 120
 Claw Hammer

Used for site work or shop work where you are fixing nails
ranging from 38mm up to 150mm.

A metal head with provision to withdraw nails and a handle

of either steel or timber. The weight of the hammer
ranges from 16oz up to 24oz.

60 90 120
 Warrington Hammer
(Cross pein)

One metal head with a cross pein end used for

starting small nails easier

60 90 120
 Heavy flat head hammer for use when
chasing mortar for twisted plugs, using a
wall plug tool.
60 90 120
 There are three main Screwdriver
groups of screwdriver: - s

1. Fixed or rigid
blade.

2. Ratchet.

3. Pump or spiral ratchet.

(Yankee) 60 90 120
Rigid Blades are useful for most jobs where only a few screws are
being placed at one time. The screwdriver end must match the
head of screw being used.

The flat end for slot screws

must not be rounded or curved,
otherwise the screwdriver will
keep slipping out of the slot.

Ratchets would be used for the same situation as above

with one major advantage - you can keep a firm grip on the
handle at all times which allows faster movement of the
wrist without changing your grip.

60 90 120
 •Open throat and double twist design for rapid
chip clearance.
Auger Wood Bits
•Tempered carbon steel retains sharpness and
edge.
For precision drilling in •Can be used in rotary power drills or
all types of wood.  10 traditional brace and bit.
sizes available. •Self-feeding screw pulls bit into wood for
precise drilling.
•Suitable for all types of wood.

60 90 120
Drill Bits

High Speed Steel

Bits for wood
Or metal with a power drill

60 90 120
 Flat Bit
For use in
power drill

Masonry Bit
For drilling into brick,
blockwork and concrete
Percussion drill only
60 90 120
 Forstner Bit
For flat bottom holes
60 90 120
 Plug Cutter
For cutting pellets

60 90 120
Other Useful Tools

Sash Cramps
‘G’ Cramp

Bench Vice
Bench Hook

60 90 120
Web links used in this lesson

http://www.maximumvelocity.com/tools.htm

www.tool-up.co.uk/ shop

60 90 120
1 2 3 4 5 6

60 90 120
B- Which tool is best used for cleaning up end grain –Blockplane
C- Name the square that is most versatile and say why – COMBINATIONSQUARE
D- Name the tooling used to form small circular holes – and at least one type DRILL
E- Name a marking tool that when spelt ends with the letter E- KNIFE
F What tool is used to form holes in wood with a flat bottom FORSTNER
G- What type of saw begins with G and what is it used for
H- Which tool is uset for striking (impelling) HAMMER
J- Which plane begins with the letter J and what is it used for
M- Which tool is best suited to forming mortices –MORTICE CHISEL
P- What is another name for a keyhole saw – Padsaw
R- Which saw is best used for sawing down the grain of timber (not acros it) RIPSAW
S- Which chisel is the most traditional one to be used for cutting in a mortice lock - SWANNECKED
T- Which flexible tool is most commonly used for measuring - TAPEMEASURE
W- What is a common name for a joiner’s crosspein hammer
Y - What is the common name for the most popular spiral ratched screwdriver YANKEE
F1 - What kind of rule is commonly used in joiner’s workshops FOLDINGRULE
F2- What is another name for a drill bit commonly known as a spade bit Flatbit
P1- What is the most popular of marking tools, and name both common types PENCIL
M1- What is another name for a 450 fixed bevel MITRESQUARE
M2- Which tool is used for putting straight lines on timber MORTICEGAUGE
H1 - What is the correct name for a granny’s tooth and what is it used for HANDROUTER
T1- Which is the most popular traditional square TRYSQUARE
S1- Which is the most used tool for pulling together framing components SASHCRAMPS
P2- 90
What are the two main screwdriver tips that are often referred to as60“crosspoint” 120
Posidrive/Phillips
T2- Name a device for turning circles that begins with T TRAMMET (HEADS)
M3- What kind of drill bit is most suitable for use in brickwork
C1- What is the correct term for a lump hammer CLUB HAMMER
P1- What is the term for shaping with a chisel along the grain of timber PARING
S2- Name a tool that is commonly used for shaping arrisses on timber SPOKESHAVE
B1- Name the most versatile of all the hand chisels BEVEL EDGED

60 90 120