AFSAL .

PK
M.Ed 2010-2011
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION


Main facts

1. considered as the oldest teaching method
2. a teacher centered teaching method involving one way
communication
3. based on the philosophy of idealism
According to James Michael Lee a lecture is
a pedagogical method whereby a teacher
formally delivers a carefully planned
expository address on some particular topic
1.LECTURE METHOD
How to prepare and deliver more effective
lectures:

Better to outline the lecture notes than to write
everything in full

Dont be so rigid with the plan of the talk

Distribute among the audience appropriate reading
materials prior to the presentation.

A good beginning is an important factor for an
effective lecture

Appropriate use of humor is a wonderful means of
stimulating attention and imagination.





















Situations when lecture method can be effectively used
In the introduction of a new topic.

In the introduction of new instruments.

Revising and summarizing lessons.

Presentation of supplementary information.

Covering the syllabus quickly.

Presenting the history of plants and animals

Passing on biographical information about scientists.

Presentation of factual information.





Large number of students can be handled at the same time.

It economizes time and effort.

The teacher can express his ideas very effectively by his tone,
gestures and facial expressions.

It provides better opportunity for clarification of important
things.

It can be organized in accordance with the principles of
educational psychology.

It is easy for the teacher to prepare and execute
This method is more helpful in introducing a new topic.

Lecture method develops good audience habits.

It provides opportunities of correlating events and subjects

Advantages of lecture method



Disadvantages of lecture method

Lengthy lectures can easily lead to boredom

It does not encourage pupil activity unless the lecturer is extremely
competent.

In it, the students are generally passive recipients.

The average students may not be able to fix up his attention to a lecture
of say45 minutes. During this span his attention may be diverted.

In this method more content may be covered, but less learning may
take place.

A lecture may become monotonous to the pupils after a while.

There is no way to know the real reaction of pupils.
How to evaluate a lecture?.....
The evaluation tool may contain the following factors:
The speakers content expertise

The language used

The degree of transparency of presentation

Extent of realization of objectives

Use of audio visual aids and other mediators

Attention and intellectual participation of students

Extent of stimulus various

Appropriateness of the method to the content
2.Demonstration method














MAIN FACTS


Demonstration means showing how something is to be done and not
to be done.

Through demonstration a teacher presents a task requiring some
skill before the students

The students role is that of the observer and recorder of
information and skills

Demonstrations are most effective when followed by a
corresponding student-activity.
This method is especially desirable when:

The apparatus to be used is very costly

Experiments involve a slight danger

Apparatus is very sensitive and unsuitable for children to handle

Several experiments are to be performed sequentially

Characteristics of a good demonstration
All pupils should be able to observe the demonstration

Apparatus, specimens, models, etc. should be as large as possible and
graduation in any instrument used should be prominent

Attention must be given to the adequate lighting of the
demonstration table

Make sure that all the materials and illustrations are nearby when
the demonstration begins

Apparatus should be arranged in the proper order

Before demonstration, adequate and specific instructions for
observation must be given to pupils

Whenever possible, involve students in the demonstration

Characteristics continues.
The demonstrated items should be removed from the vicinity of the pupils
when its use is over

When several tasks are to be demonstrated during a lesson, they should not
be shown all at once

Breakdown the demonstration into a simple step by step pattern so that it
can be neither too fast nor too slow

For recording the data pupils should be given sufficient time

Prior to demonstration, the teacher should conduct a thorough rehearsal

Control experiments play a great part to clarify details

Time and season for practical work should be considered

There must be an element of curiosity, anticipation or surprise associated
with the demonstration

A black board behind the demonstration table will facilitate summarizing
the related principles and key concepts, in time
3.The Tutorial Method

1. This method of teaching was said to be invented by
Socrates.

2. It sprang from the character of the Greek people who
loved asking questions and arguing them out.

3. This was done by asking the student a series of questions.

4. In the process of answering questions on the part of the
student, he was made to realize that knowledge and truth
were in the student's own power to find, if he cares to
search long enough and hard enough.

5. It is in the combination of these two assumptions, namely:
the critical method and the positive purpose of self
assertion, where the essence of the tutorial method lies
Main facts
The merits of tutorial methods are summarized
below:






It caters to the learner's individualized needs, interests, aptitude

















It permits the learner to acquire a gradual, orderly and sequential
progression from a broad and relatively simple level to one of much greater
depth and complexity
It makes possible immediate feedback, thereby promoting the learner's
motivation
It encourages active, analytic, independent learning in the student
It trains oral presentation, articulation and intellectual self-defense.
It enables the students to come to grasp more quickly with abstract concepts
and complicated problem-solving skills.

Some drawbacks of tutorial method:
It is an extremely expensive method in terms of money, time and
effort

It may unnecessarily foster unhealthy identification of the learner
with the tutor.

It is liable to provoke an enormous amount of anxiety in the
learner; thereby retarding the latter's learning progress

In view of the impracticability and the demerits
of the tutorial method, some modified forms of
the tutorial system have been developed and are
in popular use in college and university teaching.
They are of the following.


.















1. Small group tutorial,

2. Seminar,

3. Colloquium,

4. Panel presentation and

5. Debate discussion

1.Small Group Tutorial
1. The tutor takes a small group of students, about
five to seven

2. Each student takes turn to prepare and to present
his written report orally

3. The other students, led by the tutor, will fire
questions, comments and queries towards the
student charged with the presentation











2.Seminar
A student will take turn to deliver a paper on a particular
topic, carefully written after much thorough reading

The other students will listen to the presentation, make
notes of his references and follow up by further reading

The role of the instructor is to direct the discussion, in
which all students take part.


3.Colloquium
The students meet in a group and talk about their reading,
confronting each other with challenges and questions, and probing
into the multifarious facets of an issue with intent to seek depth and
breadth in knowledge

Result in the realization of the art of conversation, a sense of style in
speaking, and the interplay of poise, gravity, humor and controversy
will be achieved by the students.
4.Panel-Presentation
A group of students, typically from 3 to 6, forms a panel.

Each panelist prepares a sub-part in a subject in some depth
and then presents it before the class

The panel chairman participates to keep the discussion to
the point, to invite silent class members to talk or to give an
occasional summary to suggest how the discussion has
progressed

The purpose is to provide an opportunity for the panelists to
learn rhetoric speaking in front of a group and to practice
intellectual defense.

5.Debate-discussion
Two or more speakers usually take definite points of view, present their
opinions and facts, and participate later by responding to questions and
comments from others in the class.

Quickness and sharpness in thinking and the art of exposition and
discourse are the fruits of such learning activity
WHICH METHOD IS GOOD.?
As each one of these method has its advantages
and disadvantages, it is better advised to select the
method with respect to the content, contest,
audience, available resources, etc.