Sunteți pe pagina 1din 100

To be HAPPY ATOMS!

The idea behind Happy Atoms is that atomic shells like to be full.
An attractive force that makes almost every
atom to be attached to other atoms

An element will either lose, gain or share
electrons in their outermost shell
Ionic Bond
- involve the attraction between the
positively charged and negatively charged
ions
- formed between metals and nonmetals
- hold ions together in an ionic compound
Covalent Bond
- generally involves sharing pairs of
electrons between nonmetals
- it holds atoms together in a covalent
compound
Metallic Bond
- the existing force of attraction between
the metal positive ions and the highly mobile
electrons in the metals
Show the formation of an ionic compound
NaCl (sodium chloride).
Elements Formation Cation Anion Chemical
Formula
Na and O
Mg and Cl
Al and S
is the chemical bond that involves the
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

COVALENT COMPOUNDS
- Compounds that contain only covalent bonds.

F
2
molecule
LEWIS STRUCTURE/ LEWIS ELECTRON-
DOT SYMBOLS (LEDS)
- Is a representation of covalent bonding in which
shared electron pairs are shown either as lines or
as pairs of dots between two atoms, and lone
pairs are shown as pairs of dots on individual
atoms.

Elements Formation Lewis Structure Chemical
Formula
1) O and 2Cl
2) N and 3F
3) C and 4F
4) 2O
5) 2N
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Transfer of electron/s Sharing of electrons
Metal to nonmetal elements Between nonmetal elements
Attraction between charge of
ions
Attraction between positive
nucleus and shared electrons
1. NaCl
2. SF
6

3. KF
4. Na
2
O
5. BaO
6. CH
4
7. SO
2

8. PCl
5
9. CS
2

10. N
2
O
5

Ionic Compounds

1. Crystalline solids (made of ions)

2. High melting and boiling points

3. Conduct electricity when melted

4. Many soluble in water but not in nonpolar
liquid
Covalent Compounds

1. Gases, liquids, or solids (made of
molecules)

2. Low melting and boiling points

3. Poor electrical conductors in all phases

4. Many soluble in nonpolar liquids but not
in water
Ionic Compounds
Consist of cations (positive ions) and anions
(negative ions) held together by electrostatic
attraction
Usually metal + nonmetal(s)
Made of monatomic ions, polyatomic ions, and/or
both
Monatomic ions: consist of a single atom
Polyatomic ions: consist of more than one atom
Metal atom lose valence electrons to form
positively charged ions, called cations.

I. Groups IA, IIA, IIIA elements silver (Ag) and
zinc (Zn) form only one type of ion.
element name + ion

e.g. Na
+
= sodium ion
Sr
2+
= strontium ion
Zn
2+
= zinc ion
II. The Stock System is used to name transition
metals and other metals that form more than
one ion:
- iron (Fe) forms two ions: Fe
2+

and
Fe
3+

- lead (Pb) forms two ions: Pb
2+
and Pb
4+


element name (charge in Roman Numerals) +
ion
e.g. Fe
2+
= iron (II) ion
Fe
3+
= iron (III) ion

1. Li
+
2. Ag
+
3. Al
3+
4. Mn
2+
5. Fe
3+
6. K
+
7. Ca
2+
8. Ba
2+
9. Cu
2+
10. Mg
2+
11. Sn
4+
12. Co
3+
13. Na
+
14. Ti
4+
15. Ni
2+
Nonmetal atoms gain valence electrons to
form negatively charged ions called anions.

element name root word + -ide + ion

e.g. O
2-
= oxide ion
N
3-
= nitride ion
1. F
-
2. Br
-
3. I
-
4. Cl
-
5. S
2-
6. P
3-


Polyatomic ions ions made up of more than
one atom

HCO
3
-

1
NO
2
-

2
NO
3
-

3
OH
-

4
CN
-

5
MnO
4
-

6
ClO
-

7
ClO
2
-

8
ClO
3
-

9
ClO
4
-

10
NH
4
+

11
H
3
O
+

12
1. CN
-
2. SO
4
2-
3. OH
-
4. NH4
+
5. CrO
4
2-
6. NO
3
-
7. PO
4
3-
8. C
2
H
3
O
2
-

9. H
3
O
+
10. MnO
4
-

1. K
+
+ OH
-
2. Na
+
+S
2-
3. Ba
2+
+ N
3-
4. Ti
4+
+ O
2-
5. Cu
+
+ O
2-
6. Sr
2+
+ CO
3
2-
7. Ca
2+
+ NO
3
-
8. Pb
4+
+ CO
3
2-
9. Ni
2+
+ PO
4
3-
10. Li
+
+ CO
3
2-
Compounds are named from the individual
ions they come from.
Name the cation and the anion, then remove ion
from each name:
1. Na
+
= sodium ion
Cl
-
= chloride ion => NaCl = sodium chloride

2. K
+
= potassium ion
CO
3
2-
= carbonate ion => K
2
CO
3
= potassium
carbonate
3. Fe
3+
= iron (III) ion
NO
3
-
= nitrate ion => Fe(NO
3
)
3
= iron (III)
nitrate
Get the individual ions from the name, then
combine them using the criss-cross method.
e.g.
barium chloride => barium = Ba
2+
chloride=Cl
-
Ba
2+
Cl
-
=> BaCl
2

Aluminum sulfate=> aluminum = Al
3+

sulfate=SO
4
2-
Al
3+
SO
4
2-
=> Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
Indicate number of atoms of each element
with Greek prefix before element name.
# of atoms Greek Prefix # of atoms Greek Prefix
1 mono(usually
omitted)
6 hexa
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
5 penta 10 deca
Indicate number of atoms of each element with
Greek prefix before element name.
For the 1
st
element:
Greek prefix + element name
For the 2
nd
element:
Greek prefix + element name rootword + -ide

Note: Mono is generally omitted, except in
common names like CO = carbon monoxide
Use Greek prefix(es) to determine number of
atoms of each element in formula.
SiCl
4

AsF
5
SiS
2
BF
3
CO

CO
2
CF
4
ClO
2
NO

OF
2
N
2
O
3
SeF
6
SeCl
6
CBr
4
PCl
5
B
2
Cl
4
PBr
3
SF
6
P
4
S
3
SO
3
N
2
O

P
2
O
5
Cl
2
O
7
CCl
4
N
2
O
5
Is the three-dimensional arrangement of
atoms in a molecule.
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) model
-it accounts for the geometric
arrangements of electron pairs around a central
atom in terms of the electrostatic repulsion
between electron pairs





The ability of an atom to attract toward itself
the electrons in a chemical bond
H-F
In this type of covalent bond, the electrons
spend more time in the vicinity of one atom
than the other.
Unequal distribution of electrons
H-H


In this type of covalent bond, the electrons
spend the same amount of time in the vicinity
of each atom.
Equal sharing of electrons
Bond Type Electronegativity
Difference
Nonpolar Covalent Bond 0 less than 0.4
Polar Covalent Bond 0.4 1.78
Ionic Bond Greater than 1.78
1. Na-F
2. Fr-Br
3. C-N
4. Se-S
5. Br-O
4.0 0.9 = 3.1 ionic bond
2.8 0.7 = 2.1 ionic bond
3.0 2.5 = 0.5 polar covalent bond
2.5 2.4 = 0.1 nonpolar covalent bond
3.5 2.8 = 0.7 polar covalent bond
Se-S < C-N < Br-O < Fr-Br < Na-F
A quantitative measure of the polarity of a bond

The product of the charge Q and the distance r
between the charges
= Q X r

Expressed in debye units (D), named for Peter
Debye

Polar Molecule vs Nonpolar Molecule


1. BrCl
2. BF
3
(trigonal planar)
3. CH
2
Cl
2
(tetrahedral)
Bonding forces
Relatively strong
involve larger
charges that are
close together
Relatively weak
involve smaller
charges that are
farther apart.
1. MgCl
2
and PCl
3

2. CH
3
NH
2
and CH
3
F
3. CH
3
OH and CH
3
CH
2
OH
4. Hexane (CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
) and
2,2-Dimethylbutane
CH
3

CH
3
C CH
2
CH
3


CH
3

S-ar putea să vă placă și