Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits

3.1 First-Order RC Circuits

3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
3.3 Examples
References: Hayt-Ch5, 6; Gao-Ch5;
Engineering Circuit Analysis
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits
Key Words:
Transient Response of RC Circuits, Time constant
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits

Used for filtering signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing
others. e.g. low-pass filter
Any circuit with a single energy storage element, an arbitrary number
of sources and an arbitrary number of resistors is a circuit of order 1.
Any voltage or current in such a circuit is the solution to a 1st order
differential equation.
Ideal Linear Capacitor
dt
dq
t i = ) (
dt
dv
c =
} }
= = =
2
2
1
cv cvdv pdt w Energy stored
A capacitor is an energy storage device memory device.
) ( = ) + ( t v t v
C c
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits
One capacitor and one resistor
The source and resistor may be equivalent to a circuit with many
resistors and sources.
R
+
-
C v
s
(t)
+
-
v
c
(t)
+ -
v
r
(t)
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
C
o
2
K
E
R
v E
i
c
c

=
KVL around the loop:
E v R i
C c
= +
E v R
dt
dv
C
c
c
= +
E Ae v
RC
t
C
+ =

Initial condition
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( = = +
C C
v v
) 1 ( ) 1 (
t
t
RC
t
C
e E e E v

= =
dt
dv
C i
c
c
=
t
t
e
R
E

=
Switch is thrown to 1
RC = t
Called time constant
Transient Response of RC Circuits
E A =
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits
) 1 (
t
t
C
e E v

=
t
t
/ t
c
e
E
dt
dv

=
0
0
=
=
= =
t
c
t
c
dt
dv
E E
dt
dv
t
t
RC = t
Time Constant

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
C
o
2
K
E
Time
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms
V(2)
0V
5V
10V
SEL>>
RC
R=2k
C=0.1F
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits
Switch to 2

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
C
o
2
K
E
RC
t
c
Ae v

=
Initial condition
E v v
C C
= = + ) 0 ( ) 0 (
0 = + R i v
c c
0 = +
dt
dv
RC v
c
c
t / / t RC t
c
Ee Ee v

= =
t / t
c
e
R
E
i

=
Transient Response of RC Circuits
c
c
dv
i C
dt
=
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits
RC = t
Time Constant

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
C
o
2
K
E
R=2k
C=0.1F
Time
0s 1.0ms 2.0ms 3.0ms 4.0ms 5.0ms 6.0ms 7.0ms 8.0ms
V(2)
0V
5V
10V
SEL>>
t
t
RC
t
C
Ee Ee t v

= = ) (
t
E
dt
dv
t
C
=
=0
0 =
=
t
C
dt
dv
E
t
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.1 First-Order RC Circuits

Time
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms
V(2) V(1)
0V
2.0V
4.0V
6.0V

Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
Key Words:
Transient Response of RL Circuits, Time constant
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
Ideal Linear Inductor
i(t)
+
-
v(t)
The
rest
of
the
circuit
L
dt
t di
L
dt
d
t v
) (
) ( = =

}

=
t
dx x v
L
t i ) (
1
) (
) ( ) ( = + t i t i
L L
dt
di
Li iv P = =
) (
2
1
) (
2
t Li Lidi pdt t w
L
} }
= = = Energy stored:
One inductor and one resistor
The source and resistor may be equivalent to a circuit with many
resistors and sources.
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
Switch to 1

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
L
o
2
K
E
dt
di
L v
L
=
KVL around the loop: E v iR
L
= +
iR
dt
di
L E + =
Initial condition
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( , 0 = = =
+
i i t
Called time constant
R L/ = t
Transient Response of RL Circuits
t
t
t
/
/
/
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
t
t
L
R
t
L
R
L
t
R
t
t
L
R
Ee e
L
R
R
E
L e
R
E
dt
d
L
dt
di
L v
e E iR v
e
R
E
e
R
E
i

= =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
= =
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
Time constant
Indicate how fast i (t) will drop to zero.
It is the amount of time for i (t) to drop to zero if it is dropping at
the initial rate .
t
i (t)
0
t
.
0 = t
t
dt
di
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits
Switch to 2
t
L
R
Ae i
dt
L
R
i
di
iR
dt
di
L

=
=
= + 0
Initial condition
R
E
I t = =
0
, 0
t / t
t
L
R
e
R
E
e
R
E
i

= =
Transient Response of RL Circuits

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
L
o
2
K
E
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
: 0
:
1
ln
i t t
I
i t t
I
t t
i I i t
R
di dt
i L
R
i t
L
'

'

' '
=
'
' '
=
} }
t
L
R
I
t i
=
0
) (
ln
t
L
R
e I t i

=
0
) (
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.2 First-Order RL Circuits

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1



R

R
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

5O

5O
+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
U
1

+
-
1
U

o
L
o
2
K
E
Transient Response of RL Circuits
Time
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms
I(L1)
0A
2.0mA
4.0mA
SEL>>
Time
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms
I(L1)
0A
2.0mA
4.0mA
SEL>>
Input energy to L
L export its energy , dissipated by R
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits





Initial Value
t = 0


Steady Value
(t )


time
constant
t

RL
Circuits


Source
(0 state)

Source-
free
(0 input)




RC
Circuits




Source
(0 state)



Source-
free
(0 input)


0
0
= i
R
E
i
L
=
R
E
i =
0
0 = i
0
0
= v
E v =
E v =
0
0 = v
R L/
R L/
RC
RC
Summary
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
Summary
The Time Constant
For an RC circuit, t = RC
For an RL circuit, t = L/R
-1/t is the initial slope of an exponential with an initial value of 1
Also, t is the amount of time necessary for an exponential to decay
to 36.7% of its initial value

Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
Summary
How to determine initial conditions for a transient circuit.
When a sudden change occurs, only two types of quantities
will remain the same as before the change.
I
L
(t), inductor current
Vc(t), capacitor voltage
Find these two types of the values before the change and use
them as the initial conditions of the circuit after change.
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
About Calculation for The Initial Value
+i
C
+i
L

i
t=0
+
_
1A

v
+
-
v
L(0+)

v
C(0+)
=4V
i
(0+)

i
C(0+)
i
L(0+)

3.3 Examples
( )
1 3
/ / 2 R R = O
( )
2
0 8V 4V
2 2
C
v
O
= =
O+ O
( )
8V
0 2A
2 2
i = =
O + O
( )
4
0 2A 1A
4 4
L
i
O
= =
O+ O
( ) ( )
0 0
C C
v v
+
=
( ) ( )
0 0
L L
i i
+
=
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.3 Examples
Method 1
(Analyzing an RC circuit or RL circuit)

Simplify the circuit
2) Find L
eq
(C
eq
), and t = L
eq
/R
eq
(t = C
eq
R
eq
)
1) Thvenin Equivalent.(Draw out C or L)
V
eq
, R
eq
3) Substituting L
eq
(C
eq
) and t to the previous solution of differential equation
for RC (RL) circuit .
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.3 Examples
Method 2
(Analyzing an RC circuit or RL circuit)
3) Find the particular solution.
1) KVL around the loop the differential equation
4) The total solution is the sum of the particular and homogeneous solutions.
2) Find the homogeneous solution.
3.3 Examples
Method 3 (step-by-step)
(Analyzing an RC circuit or RL circuit)
1) Draw the circuit for t = 0- and find v(0-) or i(0-)
2) Use the continuity of the capacitor voltage, or inductor current, draw
the circuit for t = 0+ to find v(0+) or i(0+)
3) Find v(), or i() at steady state
4) Find the time constant t
For an RC circuit, t = RC
For an RL circuit, t = L/R
5) The solution is:
t /
)] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
t
e f f f t f

+ + =
Given f(0+)

thus A = f(0+) f()

t
t
e f f f t f

+ + = )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
Initial Steady
t
t
Ae f t f

+ = ) ( ) ( In general,
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.3 Examples
P3.1 v
C
(0)= 0, Find v
C
(t)

for t > 0.
_
U
S
i
1

I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1


6k

R
1
R
2
3k

5O
5O

5O

5O
+
_
E

I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
C=1000PF
pf
v v
i
2
i
3
t=0
9V
Method 3:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
3K
0 0, 9V 3V
6K 3K
t
c c c c
c c
v t v v v e
v v
t

= + (

= = =
+
Apply Thevenin theorem :
( )
6
1
6
2 10
1 1
2K
6K 3K
2K 1000pF 2 10
3 3 V
Th
Th
t
c
R
R C
v t e
t

| |
= + = O
|
O O
\ .
= = O =
=
s
Ch3 Basic RL and RC Circuits
3.3 Examples

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1


v
C

R
2
3k

5O
5O

5O

5O
+
_
v
I
S
.
E

|I
1
+
U
1

+
-
|
U

o
t=0
6V
C=1000PF
R
1
=10k
R
1
=20k
+ -
P3.2 v
C
(0)= 0, Find v
C
(t)

for t > 0.
Apply Thevenins theorem :
( )
6
1
6
2.31 10
1 1 30
K
10K 3K 13
30
K 1000pF 2.31 10
13
4.615 4.615 V
Th
Th
t
c
R
R C
v t e
t

| |
= + = O
|
O O
\ .
= = O =
=
( )
( )
0 0
10K
6V 4.615V
10K 3K
c
c
v
v
=
O
= =
O+ O
s