1 (CDMA Prin)

Wireless Curriculum Development Section
ISSUE
ORA000003 CDMA2000 Principle
ISSUE4.0

HUAWEI, Mobile Network Curriculum
Development Section
Objectives
After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

the development of mobile communication system
the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,
spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and Walsh code

Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Core Networks
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
1
st
Generation
1980s (analog)
2
nd
Generation
1990s (digital)
3
rd
Generation
current (digital)
3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS
AMPS
Analog to Digital
TACS
NMT
OTHERS
GSM
CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
2000
TD-
SCDMA
Development of Mobile Communications

Introduction
Voice to Broadband
Transmission Techniques

Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
Traffic channels: different frequency bands
are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
Power
Power
Power
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Introduction
TDMA
Power
Introduction
3G Objectives

3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless
global coverage
High spectral efficiency
High quality of service with complete security and
reliability
Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible
with 2G
Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
Vehicle environment: 144kbps
Walking environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2Mbps
Introduction
Standards for 3G

3G system
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA
3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
CWTS
TDD mode
Introduction
A Comparison b/w 3G standards

WCDMA
CDMA2000
TD-SCDMA
Receiver type
RAKE RAKE RAKE
Close loop power
control
Supported Supported Supported
Handoff
Soft/hard handoff
Demodulation
mode
Coherent
Chip rate (Mcps)
3.84 N*1.2288 1.28
Transmission
diversity mode
TSTD, STTD
FBTD
OTD, STS
No
Synchronization
mode
Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
Core network
GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
Coherent Coherent
Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff
Introduction
IS95A
9.6kbps
IS95B
115.2kbps
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
Heavier voice
service capacity ;
Longer period of
standby time
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000
1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1995
1998
2000
2003
Development of CDMA

Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity
Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
Smooth transit to 3G
Introduction
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1
Introduction
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block
Designator
CDMA
Channel
Validity
CDMA
Channel
Number
Mobile Station Base Station
A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330
B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320
A(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820
B(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:
F=870+N*0.03
N: CDMA Channel Number
For 450 F= 450+(N-1) * 0.025
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1
Introduction
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block
Designator
CDMA
Channel
Validity
CDMA
Channel
Number
Mobile Station Base Station
A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750
The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:
F=1930+N*0.05
N: CDMA Channel Number
CDMA2000 1X Network Structure
MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station
BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR :Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
PCF: Packet data Control Function PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent
SCP: Service Control Point Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service
Abis
A1(Signaling)
A2(Traffic)
A11(Signaling)
A10(Traffic)
A3(Signaling & Traffic)
A7(Singaling)
Introduction
Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4 CDMA Core Networks
Chapter 5 CDMA Number Planning
Correlation

(a)
(b)
Correlation 100% so the
functions are parallel
Correlation 0% so the
functions are orthogonal
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
Orthogonal Function

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary
sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal
number of 1s and 0s
0000
0101
0101
EXAMPLE:
1010
0101
1111
Information spreading over orthogonal codes

1
0 0 1 1
0110 0110 0110
0110 0110
1001 0110 0110 1001
1001
User Input
Orthogonal
Sequence
Tx Data
+1
-1
+1
-1
Information recovery

1
0 0 1 1
+1
-1
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001
1001
0110 0110 0110
0110 0110
1111 0000 0000
1111 1111
Correct Function
?
? ? ? ?
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001
1001
0101 0101 0101
0101 0101
1100 0011 0011
1100 1100
Incorrect Function
Spreading and De-spreading

information
pulse interference
White noise
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
S(f) is the energy density.
f
Sf
The spectrum before spreading
information
f0
The spectrum before despreading
information
Interference/noise
Sf
f0
f
f0
The spectrum after despreading
information
Interference/noise
Sf
f
The spectrum after spreading
information
f0
Sf
f
Signal flow

Interleaving
Source
coding
Convolution
&
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading Modulation
RF
transmission
Source
decoding
deinterleaving
Decovolution
&
Deinterleaving
Unscrambling
De-spreading Demodulation
RF receiving
Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip:
A bit is the input data which contain information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the
block interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading
Processing Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
Forward direction: Information path from base station to
mobile station
Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to
base station
In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces
its transmission power.
Source Coding

Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
Characteristics
Support voice activity
Channel Coding

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding
Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
convolution encoder
Input (bits)
Output (symbols)
Turbo Code

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.
Characteristics of the Turbo code:
The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits,
but also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution
code.
Interleaving

The direction of the data stream
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
i
n
g

2 2 2
Out
0 0 1
1 1
0
Scrambling (M) sequence

Two points are important here:
Maximum number of shift register (N)
Mask
The period of out put sequence is 2
N
-1 bits
Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed
PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
Long Code

The long code is a PN sequence with period of 2
42
-1chips
The functions of a long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel
Control the insertion of power control bit
Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify
the mobile stations
PNa
PNc
PNb
Short Code
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 2
15
chips
Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish
different sectors

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN
offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (2
15
/64=512).
Walsh Code

W 2n =
W n W n
W n W n
W 1 =0
W 2 =
0 0
0 1
W 4 =
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 1
Walsh code
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and
each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
A Walsh can be presented by W
i
m
where i
th
(row) is the
position and m is the order. For example, W
2
4
means 0011
code in W4 matrix
1 1
1 0
In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code

Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link

For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one
Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the
output after spreading is W
51
64
(110011=51).

For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define
the type of channel (RC 3-9)
Walsh Code

Variable Walsh codes

64
4
8
16
32
1
2
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400
Data rate -bps-
W
0
1
=0
W
0
2
=00
W
1
2
=01
W
0
4
=0000
W
2
4
=0011
W
1
4
=0101
W
3
4
=0110
W
0
8
=00000000
W
4
8
=00001111
W
2
8
=00110011
W
6
8
=00111100
W
1
8
=01010101
W
5
8
=01011010
W
3
8
=01100110
W
7
8
=01101001
( W
0
16
,W
8
16
)
( W
4
16
,W
12
16
)
( W
2
16
,W
14
16
)
( W
6
16
,W
14
16
)
( W
1
16
,W
9
16
)
( W
5
16
,W
13
16
)
( W
3
16
,W
11
16
)
( W
7
16
,W
15
16
)
The different Walsh codes
corresponding to different data rates
Modulation-QPSK

I
Q
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Baseband filter
Baseband filter
Cos(2pf
c
t)
Sin(2pf
c
t)
I(t)
Q(t)
s(t)
A
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system
.
After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted
into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.

Power Control
Handoff
Diversity and RAKE
Power Control

Reverse power control
Open loop power control
Closed loop power control
Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
Outer loop power control
Forward power control
Message transmission mode:
threshold transmission
periodic transmission
Closed loop power control
.
Reverse Open Loop Power Control

The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by
the following factors:
Distance from the base station
Load of the cell
Circumstance of the code channels
The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received
power.
BTS Mobile
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control
BTS
BTS
Transmitting
Power
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS
Power Control Bit
E
b
/N
t
Value
FER Value
Inner Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Change in E
b
/N
t
Value
BSC
BTS
Forward Power Control
MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station
to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical
mode. Base station determines whether to change the
forward transmitting power or not.
In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in
CDMA2000 system it is fast.
Message Transmission Mode
Forward Closed Loop Power Control

Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forward
quick power control is fast.
Power Control Bit
E
b
/N
t
Value
BTS
Handoff

Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector

Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between
multi-sectors in the same base station

Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication
Soft/Softer Handoff

Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff
Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs
Combine all the
power from each
sector
Power received from
a single sector
Pilot Set

Active
Set
Candidate
Set
Neighbor
Set
Remaining
Set
The pilot set, corresponding to the base
station being connected
The pilot set, not in the active set but
potential to be demodulated
The pilot set, not included in the active set or
the candidate set but being possible to be
added in the candidate set
Other pilot sets
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP

Time
Ec/Io
Sector
A
Sector
B
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold (T_ADD)
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region
T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.
T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_DROP is a timer.
Comparison Threshold

Pilot P1
Pilot P2
Pilot P0
t0
T_COMP0.5dB
t1 t2
T_ADD
Pilot strength
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.
P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
Transition Between Pilot Sets

T_ADD
T_DROP
Pilot 1
Pilot
strength
Pilot 2
T_TDROP
T_TDROP
Neighbor
Set
Candidate
Set
Active
Set
Candidate
Set
Neighbor
Set
TIME
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
Transmit Diversity

Time diversity
Block interleaving, error-correction
Frequency diversity
The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ
bandwidth.
Space diversity
The introduction of twin receive antennas .
The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station
can combine the signals of different time delay.
During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base
stations and searches for the strongest frame
Transmission Diversity

The forward transmission diversity types in
CDMA2000 1X are
TD (Transmit Diversity)
OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)
The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread
by the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two
antennas.
STS (Space Time Spreading)
All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-
antennas.
Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code
Non-TD
Transmission Diversity

The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.
Transmission
diversity
processing
Data stream 1
Data stream 2
Data stream
Restoring data stream
Antenna 2
Antenna 1
The Principle of RAKE Receiver

RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance
the receive performance of the system
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Combiner The combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
Course Contents

Chapter 3 CDMA Air interface
Chapter 4 CDMA Core Network
Physical Channel in IS-95A

Forward channel
Forward Pilot Channel
Forward Sync Channel
Forward Paging Channel
Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-
channel)

Reverse channel
Access Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot channel
(all-zeros)
W
0
64
Pilot Channel

A pilot channel:
Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network
Handles multi-path searching
Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the mobile
station estimate the transmission power
The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from
the base stations during the handoff
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly

BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

CDMA Air Interface
T
o

Q
P
S
K

c
o
d
e
r

2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps
Code
symbol
Repetitive
code
symbol
1.2kbps
Convolution
encoder
r=1/2,K=9
symbol
repetition
Block
interleaving
Sync Ch bits
W
32
64
Sync Channel

The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with
the network. W
32
is used to spread Sync Channel.
The synchronization message includes:
Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN
System time: SYS_TIME
Long code state: LC_STATE
Paging channel rate: P_RAT
Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps
CDMA Air Interface
T
o

Q
P
S
K

c
o
d
e
r

Paging
channel bits
19.2/9.6Kbps
19.2kbps
19.2kbps
Code
symbol
9.6/4.8 kbps
Convolution
encoder
r=1/2,K=9
Symbol
repetition
Block
interleaving
Paging channel address
mask
Long
code PN
generator
decimator
1.2288Mcps
19.2kbps
Repetitive
code
symbol
Paging Channel

The paging channel transmits:
System parameters message
Access parameters
Neighbors list
CDMA channels list message
The paging channel accomplishes:
Paging to MS
Assign traffic channel to MS
The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms
W
1
~

W
7
are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
CDMA Air Interface
W
1
64
Forward Traffic Channel

I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)
PN 1.2288 Mcps
Repetitive
symbol
19.2kbps
8.6kbps
9.6 kbps
4.8kbps
2.4kbps
1.2kbps
Add frame
quality indicator
bits(12,10,8,6)
Add 8
encoded tail
bits
Convolution
encoder
r=1/2,K=9
Symbol
repetition
Forward traffic
channal
(172/80/40 or
16bits/frame)
Block
interleaver
19.2kbps
MUX
Long code
generator
Power control bits
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)
Baseband
filter
I(t)
Q(t)
decimator
+
QPSK Modulation
4.0kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
19.2ksybps
9.6ksybps
4.8ksybps
2.4ksybps
Sin(2pf
c
t)
Cos(2pf
c
t)
is used to transmit data and signaling information.
Walsh code

CDMA Air Interface
decimator
+
+
Baseband
filter
+
+
Reverse Access Channel

4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)
PN chips
1.2288 Mcps
Orthogonal spreading
Repetitive
symbol
8.8 kbps
Code
symbol
14.4 kbps
4.4 kbps 4.8 kbps Add 8
encoder tail
bits
Convolution
encoder
r=1/3,K=9
Symbol
repetition
Access
channel
(80 bits/frame)
Block
interleaving
28.8 kbps
Data burst
randomizer
Long code
PN
generator
Frame rate
Long code mask
Repetitive
symbol
used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel
Walsh code

CDMA Air Interface
Baseband
filter
I(t)
Q(t)

QPSK Modulation
Sin(2pf
c
t)
Cos(2pf
c
t)
+
+
Baseband
filter
+
+
1/2 PN chips Delayed
time=406.9ns
Reverse Traffic Channel

used to transmit data and signaling information
CDMA Air Interface
8.6kbps
9.6 kbps
4.8kbps
2.4kbps
1.2kbps
Add frame
quality indicator
bits(12,10,8,6)
Add 8
encoded tail
bits
convolution
encoder
r=1/3,K=9
Symbol
repetition
Reverse traffic
channel
(172/80/40 or
16 bits/frame)
Block
interleaver
4.0kbps
2.0kbps
0.8kbps
28.8Ksybps
14.4Ksybps
7.2Ksybps
3.6Ksybps
4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)
PN chips
1.2288 Mcps
Orthogonal spreading
Data burst
randomizer
Long code
PN
generator
Frame rate
Long code mask
Walsh code

Baseband
filter
I(t)
Q(t)

QPSK Modulation
Sin(2pf
c
t)
Cos(2pf
c
t)
+
+
Baseband
filter
+
+
1/2 PN chips Delayed
time=406.9ns
Initialization of the MS

Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE,
SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.
CDMA Air Interface
BTS
CDMA2000 Forward Channel

Forward CDMA2000 channel
F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH
F-DCCH F-FCH
F-PC
F-SCCH F-SCH
F-PICH
F-TDPICH
F-APICH
F-ATDPICH
F-SYNCH
F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH
subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in
Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC,
F-SCCH, F-PCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss
F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH in the following slides.
CDMA Air Interface
Forward channel

These channels are newly
defined in CDMA2000 system.
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)
Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC)
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH)
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH)
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH)
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
These channels are compatible
with IS-95 system

Dedicated physical channel:
Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of
channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.
CDMA Air Interface
F-QPCH

It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by
MS simply and rapidly.

The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is
divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators
and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the
MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or
system parameters in the next F-PCH.

Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH
for long time, so the standby time is prolonged.
CDMA Air Interface
F-SCH

F-SCH is typically used for high speed data
applications, while F-FCH is used for common
voice and low speed data application.

When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will
be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for
user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.
CDMA Air Interface
F-DCCH

It is used for the transmission of specific user
signaling information during a call.

Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.

Support 5ms frame.

Support discontinuous transmission.
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse Channel

Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-ACH
R-TCH
operation
(RC1~2)
R-EACH
operation
R-CCCH
operation
R-SCCH
R-FCH
R-TCH
operation
(RC3~6)
R-EACH
R-PICH
R-CCCH
R-PICH
R-DCCH
R-PICH
0~7 0~1
R-SCH
R-FCH
0~2
0~1
subchannel
R-PC
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei
equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH
are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss
R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.
CDMA Air Interface

Types of Reverse Channel

Reverse channel includes reverse common channel
and reverse dedicated channel.
Reverse common channel:
Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
Reverse Dedicated Channel
Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)
CDMA Air Interface
MUX
A
Pilot( all '0's)
Power Control Bit
N is the Spreading Rate number
Pilot
Power
Control
Power Control Group
= 1536 NPN Chips

384 NPN Chips
Reverse Pilot Channel
R-PICH

The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel
Initialization
Tracing
Reverse Coherent Demodulation
Power Control Measurement
Base station enhances the received
performance and increases the capacity
by means of coherent demodulation of
the Reverse Pilot Channel.
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse Channels

Fundamental Channel:
Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user
information to the base station during a call, and can be used to
transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic
Channel.
Dedicated Control Channel
The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of
user and signaling information to a base station during a call.
Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
These channels are used for the transmission of user information,
mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel
contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven
supplemental code channels.
CDMA Air Interface
RC 1
RC 2
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 1
RC 2
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 3
RC 4
RC 4
RC 3
F-FCH RCs
R-DCCH/SCH RCs F-DCCH/SCH RCs
R-FCH RCs
RC Combination Regulation

RC1 and RC2 corresponds
respectively to rate set 1 and rate set
2 in IS- 95A/B system.

CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4

Rules:
Forward RC1, Reverse RC1
Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3
CDMA Air Interface
Course Contents

A typical CDMA Network

MS BS MSC
HLR AC
EIR
VLR
PSTN
ISDN
MC
Um A
B C
D
E
H
Ai
Di
MSC
F
VLR
MC SME SME
G
N
M M M
Q
SCP SCP SSP
Ai
T1 T8
IP HLR IP ISDN
Di
T2
T 3
T 5
T 9
CDMA Core Network
CDMA Interfaces

MSC: Mobile-service Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller
MC: Short Message Center HLR: Home Location Register
BTS: Base Transceiver Station VM: Voice Mailbox
VLR: Visitor Location Register OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center
AC: Authentication Center SCP: Service Control Point
Other MSCs
MC/VM
MSC/SSP/VLR
OMC
HLR/AC
SDH
GMSC/SSP
SCP
STP
IOS4.0
SS7
IS-41
IS-41
IS-41
IS-41
Mobile Customer Service Center
SS7
TCP/IP
SS7
IS-41
BTS
BTS
BSC
MS
IS95----
CDMA2000
INTERNET
Other PLMNs
PSTN/ISDN
CDMA Core Network
Network Interface

MSC/VLR
GMSC

HLR/ AuC
PDSN

PSTN
GPRS IP

SS7

SCP
BSS
HA
A1/A2
BSSAP
SCCP
MTP
Physical
layer
IP
backbon
e
network
A10/A11
A11
signaling
UDP
IP
Linklayer
Physical
layer
A10
service
GRE
IP
Linklayer
Physical
layer
CN
CDMA Core Network
CDMA Services

Businesses, enterprises
Mobile virtual private
network
Mobile high-speed
network access
Advertising services
Free phone
Family
Familiarity number
Life & amusement

Schools, groups
Universal account number
Sectorized and time-
shared charge
Broadcast news
Individuals
Individualized services
Privacy
CDMA Core Network
CDMA Feature Services---Example 1

Where is my mobile
phone? It is lucky to
have Ruyi lock!
Ruyi lock
Features: a mobile phone user can dial the
access code and input the PIN code to
lock/unlock his mobile phone by using any
fixed telephone instead of registering and
paying at a business hall.
Why cant I make a call
the moment I picked it up?
CDMA Core Network

FOLLOW ME
Features: a user can activate call forwarding
of his/he MS from any phone to ensure that
any incoming call of a mobile phone user will
not be lost.
You can register for a
forwarding service on
your own
I forgot to bring my mobile phone, but I
will have an important customer to
meet this afternoon. What should I do?
CDMA Core Network

Does that guy still
bother you recently?
He can no longer
reach me!
Why? Ask me to input a
password?
Friendshipcom
Features: After a called user subscribes for
this service, the system requires password
to caller. A call is accomplished only if the
password is correct. Otherwise, the call will
be rejected or transferred.
CDMA Core Network

Intra-group user
LOOK FOR service
Feature 1: When a user makes a call to an intra-group user, the
terminals of all intra-group users ring in-turn or simultaneously
until there is a reply.
CDMA Core Network
CDMA2000---Data Services

0
32
64
9.6
128
144
384
2,000
Video Streaming
Voice
Text Messaging
Still Imaging
Audio Streaming
Electronic
newspaper
High-quality
videoconference
Telephone
(Voice)
Voice
Mail
E-Mail Fax
Electronic book
Sports, news and
weather report on
demand

Singing room
Low-quality videoconference
JPEG
Still Photos
Mobile
Radio
Video Surveillance,
Video Mail, Travel
Image
Data
Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities
Mobile TV
E-commerce
Remote
Medical
Service
D
a
t
a

r
a
t
e

i
n

K
b
p
s

CDMA Core Network
3GPP2 uses the following 3 standards for MS location:
Locating Services

GPS-aided measurement
Accuracy: suburbs---10m.
City zone---30~70m.
Indoor --unable to locate
Response time: 3~10s
Measurement of base station pilot phase
Accuracy: 50~200m
Response time: 3~6s
Locating of a cell ID
Accuracy: depends on the size of a cell
Response time: within 3s
CDMA Core Network
110! Bandit!
The system transfers the alarm to the nearest alarm
processing center based on the location.
An emergency button can be set on a users mobile phone to
so that an alarm can be reported without any conversation or
delay.
Locating Services

CDMA Core Network
PSTN
CDMA/
INTERNET
Users who subscribe for
toll services
Original toll route
Toll route after
subscription
MSC/GMSC
HLR
Operators who subscribe
for toll services
Help mobile operators to absorb large quantities of toll
services
Users subscribe to select toll operators to ensure quality
of service.
Enable users to save toll call charge (premium strategy)
Make an IP toll call without dialing a preamble
Equal Access of Toll Calls

CDMA Core Network
Course Contents

Definition of Coverage Areas

Location area
MSC area
PLMN area
Service area
Sector
area
CDMA Number Planning
Cell area
Parameters Involved

In a CDMA system, the following parameters are
defined to identify a user and his location:
MIN/IMSI
MDN
ESN
TLDN
SID/NID
LAI
GCI
SIN
SSN

MIN/IMSI

Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity
For example, 0907550001/460030907550001
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
IMSI
MCC MNC
MSIN
NMSI
MDN

CC
+
MAC
+
H
0
H
1
H
2
H
3
+
ABCD
International mobile subscriber DN
National valid mobile subscriber number
Mobile directory number
For example, 8613307550001
ESN

A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single
MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:

31......24 23......18 17......0 bit
Manufacturers number retained equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
TLDN

+
CC MAC H
0
H
1
H
2
ABC
+
+
+
44
Temporary local directory number
For example, 8613344755001
SID/NID

MSCID (Exchange Identity)
= System Identity (SID) + Exchange number (SWIN)
is used to represent a certain set of equipment in an
NSS network. For example,
Unicom CDMA Shenzhen MSC is labeled as 3755+01
Location Area Identity (LAI)

PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of
which depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow ,
etc.
Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.
MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of
Unicom is 03.
LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.
0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For example, 460030100
Global Cell Identity (GCI)

The unique ID of a cell in PLMN
Format: LAI+CI
CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code,
pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3
digits and the last digit represent the base station
number and the sector number respectively. For an
omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number
123 contains an omni-directional site
Sender Identification Number (SIN)

MSC number
The MSC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 1000.
HLR number
The HLR number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 0000.
SMC number
The SMC number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 2000.
SCP number
The SCP number stipulated by Unicom is 460 + 03 + 09 +
H0H1H2H3 + 3000.
Sub-System Number (SSN

SSN of MSC: 8
SSN of VLR: 7
SSN of HLR: 6
SSN of AC: 10
SSN of SMC: EE
SSN of SCP: EF
SSN of A interface: FE/FC
SSN of SCCP management: 1
Voice Channel Routing

TMSC1

TMSC2
MSC
TMSC1
MSC
TSI international
office
Signaling Route

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
HSTP&LSTP
SP
Example of Signaling Network

Route from an LSTP to the LSTP not located in this macro cell
HLR in Chongqin to MSC in Fujian (two LSTPs
respectively at the transmit end and receive end)
H1 in
Chengdu
H1 in
Shanghai
H2 in
Chongqin

H2 in
Shanghai
L1 in
Chongqin
L2 in
Chongqin

L1 in
Fuzhou
L2 in
Fuzhou
HLR in
Chongqin
MSC in
Fuzhou
Interconnection of CDMA with PSTN

Mobile telephone
network
Tm
DC2
DC1
LS
MSC
MS
BTS
BSC
TMSC2
Primary ring
of a local
network
PSTN
Toll
network
Local
network
TMSC1
Mesh
interconnection
Mesh
interconnection
TMSC1
MSC
BTS
BSC
TMSC2
Primary ring
of a local
network
Tm
DC2
HSTP
LSTP
SP
LSTP
HSTP HSTP
LSTP
LSTP
SP SP
SP
DC1
LS
MS
PSTN
Review

Chips rate: 1.2288Mcps
IS-95A/B is a subset, RC1/RC2
Apply the coherent demodulation to the reverse pilot
channel
Forward transmit diversity: OTD and STS
Forward quick power control at 800HZ rate
Improve the standby time by introducing the quick paging
channel.
Variable frames: 5ms, 20ms, 40ms and 80ms
Introduce TURBO code into channel encoding
The maximum rate of a physical layer is up to 307.2K
CDMA Technology
Development of CDMA Standards in China
CDMA standards currently adopted in China are mainly
based on the USA standards with few alterations. For
example, in USA the emphasis is put on the dual service
support i.e. CDMA and AMPS compatibility, while in China
there is no such requirement. Therefore, the settings of
frequency and basic channels, IMSI and others parameters
need to be modified. Likewise, there is also the need to
modify network interface IS-41 series of standards.
Case study: China Unicom Network
In China Unicom CDMA project, phase 1, a narrow-band CDMA
network, named IS-95B (enhanced IS-95) is being constructed.
With total capacity is 15,000,000, subscribers handling, covering
over 200 cities.

Currently, both nationwide and international roaming tests have
conducted successfully with the CDMA networks of HongKong,
South Korea and Japan via the TSI international gateway bureau.

Besides, a CDMA intelligent network will be constructed to
provide intelligent value-added services like Pre-Paid Charging
(PPC) and Virtual Private Network (VPN) etc.

The whole CDMA20001X network was launched in air in the
second half of 2002.
Why CDMA2000?
Increase the system capacity
Forward quick power control
Forward transmit diversity: OTD,STS
Coherent modulation applied on the pilot channel.(about
3dB)
The introduction to Turbo code
The stronger ability to resist interference
The improved error-correcting encoding
(applying Turbo code in medium/high rate
data transmission)
Why CDMA2000?
Support high rate SCH, with the maximum rate
of a single channel being up to 307.2kbps.
Improve the standby time
Use the quick paging channel
Forward compatibility
Radio-frequency part
Baseband part, such as RC
Summary
Brief Development History of Mobile
Communication
Analog--digital--code division
Objectives of 3G and comparison of 3 systems
Technical features of CDMA
Key technologies: power control, soft handoff,RAKE receiver
and cell breath
Other technologies: source coding, channel coding,
interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation
Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and
service
Technical features of CDMA2000 1X
Walsh and Turbo codes
Questions
What power control modes are there in CDMA2000
system and how are they implemented?
Describe the soft handoff process?
Describe the process and functions of cell breath?
Describe the implementation process of service
channels (forward and reverse)?
Describe the technical features of CDMA2000?
Describe the initialization process of a mobile phone?
What are the functions of a long code, short code
and Walsh code in CDMA system?

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