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Data
Chapter 2
2.1 Data Tables
Soe !asic Ideas

Data are a collection o" nubers, labels, or

sybols #ith conte$t

% data table is a rectangular arrangeent o" data

#ith ro#s and coluns

&bser'ations or cases "or the ro#s( coon

attributes or 'ariables "or the coluns
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2.1 Data Tables
Disorgani)ed Data
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2.1 Data Tables
Sae Data in a Data Table
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2.1 Data Tables

&rgani)e data to yield eaning"ul in"oration

Pro'ide conte$t *e.g., #ho, #hat, #hen+

Ipro'e interpretability #ith eaning"ul naes,

"oratting and units
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2.2 Categorical and ,uerical Data
Categorical Data

%lso called -ualitati'e or noinal 'ariables

Identi"y group ebership

Type of purchase made and Brand of bike are

e$aples
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2.2 Categorical and ,uerical Data
,uerical Data

%lso called -uantitati'e or continuous 'ariables

Describe nuerical properties o" cases

.a'e easureent units

Size of bike (cm) and Amount spent ($) are

e$aples
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2.2 Categorical and ,uerical Data
/easureent Scales

,oinal 0 nae categories #ithout iplying

order *categorical+

&rdinal 0 nae categories that can be ordered

*categorical+

Inter'al 0 nuerical 'alues that can be added or

subtracted *no absolute )ero+

1atio 0 nuerical 'alues that can be added,

subtracted, ultiplied or di'ided *a2es ratio
coparisons possible+
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2.2 Categorical and ,uerical Data
3i2ert Scale *&rdinal 0 4 to 5 Categories+
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2.6 1ecoding and %ggregation

1ecode7 building a ne# 'ariable "ro another

*recoding price into e$pensi'e or ine$pensi'e+

%ggregate7 reduce ro#s in a data table by

counting or suing 'alues #ithin categories
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2.6 1ecoding and %ggregation
%n E$aple o" %ggregation
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4M E$aple 2.17 /EDIC%3 %D8ICE
/oti'ation
%re patients "ro one ./& ore li2ely to 'isit the
doctor than those "ro another ./&9
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4M E$aple 2.17 /EDIC%3 %D8ICE
/ethod
:ather data and organi)e in a data table. Cases
that a2e up the ro#s are o""ice 'isits. The
"ollo#ing 'ariables a2e up three coluns7
Patient ID( ./& Plan( and Duration o" patient;s
o""ice 'isit.
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4M E$aple 2.17 /EDIC%3 %D8ICE
/echanics
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4M E$aple 2.17 /EDIC%3 %D8ICE
/essage
%ggregate the duration o" o""ice 'isits to learn
#hether patients "ro one plan are consuing
ost o" the doctor;s o""ice tie.
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2.< Tie Series
Soe De"initions

Tie series 0 data recorded o'er tie

Tieplot 0 graph o" a tie series sho#ing 'alues

in chronological order

=re-uency 0 regular tie spacing o" data in a

tie series *e.g., daily, onthly, etc.+

Cross>sectional 0 data obser'ed at the sae tie

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2.< Tie Series
Tieplot o" /onthly ?neployent 1ate
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2.4 =urther %ttributes o" Data
?se"ul to @no#

When and where the data #ere collected

Source o" the data *a'ailable online9+

How the data #ere collected

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4M E$aple 2.27 C?ST&/E1 =&C?S
/oti'ation
.o# do custoers in a "ocus group react to a
ne# product design9
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4M E$aple 2.27 C?ST&/E1 =&C?S
/ethod
:ather data and organi)e in a data table. The
cases that a2e up the ro#s are participants in
the "ocus group. &ne o" the 'ariables that a2e
up the coluns is participants; ratings o" the
product.
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4M E$aple 2.27 C?ST&/E1 =&C?S
/echanics
In addition to product ratings, the coluns should
include characteristics o" the participants such as
nae, age *in years+, se$, and incoe.
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4M E$aple 2.27 C?ST&/E1 =&C?S
/essage
Deterine #ho li2es the design *younger or ore
a""luent ebers o" the "ocus group, "or
e$aple+ and choose ad'ertising that appeals to
this group.
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!est Practices

Pro'ide a conte$t "or your data.

?se clear naes "or your 'ariables.

Distinguish nuerical data "ro categorical data.

Trac2 do#n the details #hen you get the data.

@eep trac2 o" the source o" data.

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Pit"alls

Do not assue that a list o" nubers pro'ides

nuerical data.

Don;t trust all o" the data that you get "ro the
Internet.

Don;t belie'e e'ery clai based on sur'ey data.

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