LOAD SHEDDING

PHILOSOPHY
PRESENTED BY BRIJESH SINGH
BHADAURIA
WHY LOAD SHEDDING
In general, load shedding can be defined as the
amount of load that must almost instantly be
removed from a power system to keep the
remaining portion of the system operational. This
load reduction is in response to a system
disturbance (and consequent possible additional
disturbances) that results in a generation
deficiency condition. Common disturbances that
can cause this condition to occur include faults,
loss of generation, switching errors, lightning
strikes, etc. Let us discuss how these transients
effects-

TYPES OF TRANSIENTS
1. Surge Phenomena- ( extremely fast transients)
This type of transient is caused by lightning (
atmospheric discharge on overhead transmission
line ) and switching. Physically , such a transient
initiates an electromagnetic wave traveling with
almost the speed of light on transmission lines .
TYPES OF TRANSIENT CONTD.
2. Short circuit phenomena- more then 50 % of the
short circuit takes place on exposed overhead lines
owing to the insulation failure resulting from the
over voltage surge , birds , unsymmetrical faults
etc The occurrence of the symmetrical faults
brings the power transfer across the line to zero
immediately whereas the impact is partial in case
of unsymmetrical faults

TYPES OF TRANSIENT CONTD.
3. Transient stability Whenever a short circuit
takes place at any part of the integrated system ,
there is an instantaneous total of partial collapse of
the bus voltage of the system . This also results in
the reduction of generator power output .Since in
initially the for some time delay before the
controller can initiate the corrective action , each
generator is subjected to positive accelerating
torque. This condition if sustained for a long time ,
can result in in the most severe type of transient
namely mechanical oscillation of the synchronous
macnine.

GTG GOVERNING LOOPS
When a power system is exposed to a disturbance,
its dynamics and transient responses are mainly
controlled through two major dynamic loops. One
is the excitation (including AVR) loop that will
control the generator reactive power and system
voltage. Another is the prime-mover loop, which
will control the generator active power and system
frequency. A brief discussion of these two
dynamic loops is given below

LOOP DISCUSSION CONTD.
1. Excitation / Generator Reactive Power
Voltage- During a fault condition, one of the direct
effects of a fault current is the drainage of reactive
power from the system. This reactive power is
essential for the transfer of mechanical energy to
electrical energy (and vice versa) in the rotating
machines (generators and motors).
LOOP DISCUSSION CONTD.
2. Prime Mover / Generator Real Power
Frequency- Turbine governors and the type of
prime movers also have a dramatic impact on the
performance of the power system during major
disturbances. The frequency conditions of the
overall system directly depend on the amount of
real power that the generator prime movers can
deliver to the system. Also, the mechanical energy
available to help the generators prime mover ride
through a fault or other disturbances plays an
important role on the system behavior.
DEFINITION OF LOAD SHEDDING
Introduction the ability of the power system to
continue, albeit on reduced levels , after loss of
generation is an important consideration in the
design of any load shedding scheme . for this
purpose under frequency load shedding scheme
has been adopted . the basic criteria adopted for
the under frequency load shedding studies as
considered in this report are based on the
following fact that the

OBJECTIVE BEHING LOAD
SHEDDING


Amount of load selected to be shed at each stage
should in principle restore frequency to its
nominal value within ten seconds of the
maximum deviation .

WAYS TO ACHIEVE LOAD SHEDDING
1.Breaker Interlock Scheme - A source breaker
would be interlocked via hardwired or remote
signals to a set of load breakers that have been
pre-selected to trip. When a generator breaker or a
grid connection is lost for any reason, signals are
automatically sent to load breakers to open. This
system is very fast since there is no processing
required and all decisions about the amount of
load to be shed were made long before the fault
occurred.

DISADVANTAGE WITH BREAKER
INTERLOCK SCHEME
1.Difficult to change load priority since the actions for load
shedding are hardwired and amount of load shedding is
calculated for the worst-case scenario.
2.Only one stage of load shedding is available.
3.More loads are shed than necessary.
4.The operation of this type of load shedding system will
most likely shut the entire industrial facility down in a non-
orderly way. This unplanned outage may result in
processing equipment damage, reduced equipment
lifetime, or worse.
5.Plant restarting may be delayed because of the requirement
to shut down and then restart other remote facilities that
have been affected by the loss of the main facility, before
the main facility can be started

Under Frequency Relay Scheme
Frequency relay sense the fault or deficiency in
generation by way of frequency . They detect
either a rapid change in frequency or gradual
frequency deterioration and initiate staged
operation of interlocked breakers. It works in
stages i.e. it checks for underfrequency and sets
the stage for tripping after certain time dalay.

PLC BASED LOAD SHEDDING

With a common type of PLC-based load shedding
scheme, load shedding is initiated based on the system
frequency deviations and/or other triggers. The circuit
breaker tripping can be programmed based on the
system loading, available generation, and other
specific logics. Each subsystem is equipped with a
PLC that is programmed to shed a preset sequence of
loads. This static sequence is continued until the
frequency returns to a normal condition.


OUR PLANT GENERATION VS DEMAND
SCENARIO
Following are the possible plant generation and load conditions

Case 1 : 5 GTG operating in parallel with the grid and grid trips
Case 2 : 4 GTG operating in parallel with the grid and grid trips
Case 3 : 3 GTG operating in parallel with the grid and grid trips.
Case 4 : 2 GTG operating in parallel with the grid and grid trips.
Case 5 : 1 GTG operating in parallel with the grid and grid trips
Case 6 : 5 GTG operating in parallel and one GTG trips.
Case 7 : 4 GTG operating in parallel and one GTG trips.
Case 8 : 3 GTG operating in parallel and one GTG trips.
Case 9 : 2 GTG operating in parallel and one GTG trips.

GENERATING PROFILE
1.GRID POWER -Since the grid transformer rating is 21
MVA ( ONAN) /26.25 MVA(ONAF) grid can supply
maximum of 26.25 MVA . However as per sanctioned
demand with GEB we can draw max upto 2.5 MVA power
at any time but with the installation of new C.T. we draw
very less power.

2.GTG POWER each GTG is rated for 6.15 MW at 45
centigrade , 7.2 MW at 21 centigrade and 7.6 at 10
centigrade . So depending upon the ambient conditions
GTG can deliver the required power. However while
carrying out this study it is assumed that GTG shall deliver
a maximum of 6 MW irrespective of temperature.

PLANT LOAD PROFILE
Plant load profile for the purpose of load shedding
is considered to be as per attachment 1 , wherein
total plant load for 120% send out operating
condition is indicated.
C:\Documents and
Settings\bbhadauria\Desktop\Attachment1-2.xls

LNG VAPORIZER SOURCES
For vaporization following sources are available

4 SCV where 2 SCV in hot water mode ( hot water generated by
cogeneration in GTG) and 2 SCV totally in burner backup.
14 STV
1 STV with Cogeneration heat recovery mode
HOW TO SELECT THE PRIORITY OF
VAPORIZER
SCV/STV in service are selected according to the following
priority based on minimizing of the running cost.

1.STV with cogeneration heat recovery mode.
2.STV
3.One SCV in hot water mode
4.One SCV in combined mode.
5.Additional SCV in burner mode.

Whether to switch on all the above sources or switch on
some of the sources will depend upon the send out rate
required.


LOAD SHEDDING OPERATION :

Power available under various operating conditions of
GTG and grid is tabulated in attachment II .Load
shedding requirements is described in remarks column
of the above attachments.

For all cases wherein GTG are operating in parallel
with grid and GTG trips , the GTG load will be
automatically transferred to the grid for the short
duration of approx 5 minutes . During this time
manual adjustment will be done from the DCS to limit
the import from the grid . C:\Documents and
Settings\bbhadauria\Desktop\Attachment 6.xls

FREQUENCY PROFILE STUDY

The computer program ETAP power station (
electrical transient analyzer program) version 5.5.5 c
developed by operation technology inc. USA has been
utilized to carry out the frequency profile study .
Frequency profile study has been carried out for each
case except for case I and VI wherein in either case of
GTG / grid tripping no load shedding is envisaged .
Result of the same are enclosed herewith attachment
III. Attachment
Load shedding operation shall take place within 300
ms from the instant of loss of the generation
considering relay operating time , circuit breaker
operation time and PLC operating time .

LOAD SHEDDING PRINCIPLES

For load shedding purpose ABB make SPAF 340 C
relay has been utilized. This relay has four different
frequency stages with individual rate of change of
frequency feature (df/dt).
For various cases described in Attachment 2, GTG
overload is sensed by frequency relay. The load
shedding command will be issued to dedicated
redundant PLC. Tripping command will be issued by
dedicated redundant PLC to trip the pre-assigned loads.

It is envisaged to utilize two stage frequency protection
along with df/dt feature to carry out the load shedding
operation.

For first two stages frequency setting with individual df/dt
setting shall be used.
For Third stage only frequency setting shall be used.
If frequency does not restore even after operation of Stage
1&2, then third frequency stage shall operate tripping
further additional load. (Block A) \Frequency relay setting
exc.doc

Load blocks
Depending upon the power deficit in case of grid / GTG
tripping following load shedding blocks have been
considered

For Power Deficit up to 2 MW
Block A
Trip 1 No HP Pump.
Trip 2 Nos. Air heater banks.


Load blocks contd.
For Power Deficit up to 4 MW

Block B

Trip 2 Nos HP Pumps.
Trip 2 Nos.Intank pumps.
Trip 2 Nos air heater banks
This block has presently not been utilized for load shedding.


Load blocks contd.
For Power Deficit up to 6 MW

Block C
Trip 3 Nos.HP Pumps.
Trip 2 Nos Intank pumps.
Trip 3 Nos. Air heater banks

Load blocks contd
Block D

- Trip 1 No HP Pump
- Trip 1 No. Intank Pump.
- Trip 12 Nos GW Pumps
- Trip 1 no. Hot Water Pump
- Trip 1 No. BOG compressor.
- Trip 7 Nos. Air heater banks.

Flow chart of load shedding
C:\Documents and
Settings\bbhadauria\Desktop\Attachment-5.doc
SCHEME FOR AIR HEATER PHASE 1 , GROUP RUN SIGNAL TO AIR HEATER TO
BE TAKEN FROM DCS TO LOAD SHEDDING PLC , GROUP TRIP COMMAND TO
AIR HEATER VIA DCS
SCHEME FOR AIR HEATER BANK II , RUN SIGNAL TO BE CONNECTED TO LOAD
SHEDDING PLC AND THE SAME TO BE SEND TO DCS VIA SERIAL LINK , LOAD
SHEDDING TRIP COMMAND TO BE HARD WIRED DIRECTLY TO LOAD
SHEDDDING PLC
SCHEME FOR HP /INTANK PUMP
SCHEME FOR BOG AND SCV
ILS and its advantage over under
frequency shedding
I can draw the drawing of phase 1 and 2 load
shedding