High Rise Buildings in Earthquakes

Viscous Fluid dampers

Suspension system: a mechanical system of
springs and shock absorbers that connect the
wheels and axles to the chassis of a wheeled
vehicle
Viscous fluid dampers
similar to shock absorbers in automobiles
Oil suspension
Gas suspension

3
The Function of suspension system:
The job of a car suspension are:
- to carry the static weight of the vehicle
- to maximize the friction between the tires
and the road surface,
- to provide steering stability with good
handling (minimize body roll)
- to ensure the comfort of the passengers
(ability to smooth out a bumpy road).
Viscous fluid dampers
installed as part of a building's bracing system using single
diagonals.
sways to and fro, the piston is forced in and out of the
cylinder.

5
Active Control
Control system to keep stresses / strains /
displ. / accel. (outputs) at certain locations
below specified bounds (peak, rms) when
disturbances (wind, earthquake) below
specified bound are applied.

Designer decides choice of
on comfort (accelerations)
safety (stresses).


Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)
Active control
First full scale application of active control to a
building was done on Kyobashi Seiwa building
(Japan) in
Two AMDs were used.
4t - transverse motion
1t - torsional motion.

Can also use Magnetorheological fluid dampers
(semi-active), active tendons, etc
Active Control
Active control with TMD


Active control with TMD


Orifice based Semi-Active
Suspension
Orifice based Semi-Active
Suspension
MR fluid based Semi-Active
Suspension
MR Fluid
- oil and varying percentages of ferrous particles
(20-50 microns in diameter) that have been
coated with an anti-coagulant material.
- Varying the magnetic field strength variation in
viscosity
Active VS Semi-Active
Semi-Active:
Lower implementation cost
Lower power consumption
Easier to control
Simpler design
Easy to install

Disadvantage: damper constraint, the force range is
limited, performance is not as good as active
system
Active VS Semi-Active
Active System:
Wider range of force
No force-velocity constraint
Can achieve better performance (vehicle dynamics)


Disadvantages: power consumption is high, higher
weight to power ratio, expensive, major modification
should be made before installing active system into
the existing vehicle
Active VS Semi-Active
Semi-Active:
Lower implementation cost
Lower power consumption
Easier to control
Simpler design
Easy to install
Disadvantage: damper constraint, the force range is
limited, performance is not as good as active
system
Non Structural Issues
Good connections of non-structural
building contents with building


SPACE FRAME



Joist used for floor support

Joist Girder
Joist Seat

Joist Bridging
Steel Trusses
Heavier Members
Can Carry Larger Loads &
Span Greater Distances
Typically Specially Fabricated
Truss to Span a
Hotel Atrium
Heavy Trusses for the Seattle Stadium
Cold Formed Steel
Formed by rolling or bending sheet steel
Light Steel Framing; C-Shaped - Most Common;
Frequently used for partition & exterior wall
framing







Metal Decking
Open Web Steel Joists
Mass produced steel trusses

Common Uses
Floor Support
Roof Support

Joist spacing depends
Load
Span capability of deck
Typically 2 to 10 feet
DEFINITION:
A three-dimensional structures.

The assembled linear elements are arranged
to transfer the load.

Take a form of a flat surface or curve surface.

Designed with no intermediate columns to
create large open area.



EXAMPLES OF BUILDING
SAN SIRO STADIUM, MILAN
STANSTED AIRPORT, LONDON

Joist used for floor support
Open Web Steel Joists
Mass produced steel trusses

Common Uses
Floor Support
Roof Support

Joist Spacing Depends on;
Load
Span capability of deck
Typically 2 to 10 feet
Spans; K-series (up to 60), LH(Longspan) to 96, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144

Joist Girder
Joist Seat

Joist Bridging
Steel Trusses
Heavier Members
Can Carry Larger Loads &
Span Greater Distances
Typically Specially Fabricated
Truss to Span a
Hotel Atrium
Heavy Trusses for the Seattle Stadium
Cold Formed Steel
Formed by rolling or bending sheet steel
Light Steel Framing; C-Shaped - Most Common;
Frequently used for partition & exterior wall
framing







Metal Decking
Load Distribution
TYPES OF SPACE FRAME

Two and three-way grids
Characterized as two way or three way

Single, Double and Triple Layered
Single layer frame has to be singly or doubly
curved.
double layered and flat.

Triple layered span building.

COMPONENTS

Consists of axial members
linear members
connectors


Basic elements
Planar latticed

Pyramid with square base
Part of octahedron

Pyramid with triangular base
Part of tetrahedron

CONNECTORS
Tuball Node/Mero Connector

A hollow sphere


Circular hollow section
member fitted at its ends by
welding.

Connection from inside the
cup is using bolt and nut.



Mero Connector
Dia ranging from
46.5mm to
350mm

Up to 18
members
Cruciform gusset plate

Bearing joint
Nodus Connector

Rectangular / circular
hollow sections

Chord connectors welded
to hollow members
3) Triodetic Connector
It consists of a hub, usually an aluminium
extrusion, that has slots or key ways, which the
ends of members are pressed or coined to
match the slots.
4) Hemispherical Dome Connector
Usually use for double layer domes.
Structural span more than 40m.
More economical for long span.
The jointing is connect by sliting the end of the
tube or rod with the joint fin.
There are 2 types of joint, pentagonal joint and
hexagonal joint.
Fishplate Connectors

Support
Perimeter support
Multi column
Perimeter and column
ADVANTAGES
Light
Elegant & Economical
Carry load by three dimensional action
High Inherent Stiffness
Easy to construct
Save Construction Time & Cost
Services (such as lighting and air conditioning)
can be integrated with space frames
Offer the architect unrestricted freedom in
locating supports and planning the subdivision
of the covered space.

Construction Metods
Assembly in air

Erecting in strips or blocks

Assembly by sliding elements in air

Hoisting by derrick crane or tower cranes

Lifting up whole frame

Jacking up
Failure
Member buckling
Local or dimple bucking
General buckling