WECS

Wound-field Synchronous Machine

Two types of wind turbines
variable-speed and constant- speed turbines.
The high-power (750 kW to 2 MW) variable-speed
synchronous generator - competitor for the wound
rotor induction motor.

Constructional Features

Constructional Features [Cont]

Salient-pole machines are commonly used with
wind turbines

Amortisseur or the damper winding, is embedded

in the rotor pole face of a salient-pole machine
Assuming sinusoidally distributed mmfs, the
damper windings can be represented by two
sinusoidally distributed windings, represented by
the coils dk-dk and qk-qk

 Magnetic axis of the dk-dk winding coincides with

the magnetic axis of the main field winding and the
magnetic axis of the qk-qk winding is 900 ahead of
the df-df winding
Sinusoidally distributed mmf in the air gap rotating
at speed

Dynamic Machine Equations

Salient-pole synchronous machine is more
complicated compared to that of an induction
machine
Self & mutual inductances are rotor-positiondependent.
Rotor windings are not identical and the magnetic
characteristics along the d- and the q-axis are
different.
Voltage equations - non-linear.

 To overcome the problems associated with timevarying inductances three orthogonally spaced
fictitious windings dse, qse, and ose fixed on the
rotor frame
Winding Ose - direction normal to the plane
containing the axes of the dse and qse windings and
does not contribute to any mmf in the radial
direction in the air gap.

 Fictitious and rotor windings are not in relative

motion, the mutual inductances between them are
all constants.
d-axis windings are magnetically decoupled from
the q-axis windings

 The expression for the electromagnetic torque in

de-qe

Torque and the speed are related as follows:

Tl is positive for torque load under motor action and negative

for torque input under generator action.

Steady-state Operation
Steady-state d-q axis equations
No-load operation of the machine from a
symmetrical three-phase system of sinusoidal
voltages of angular frequency .
Stator voltages

 Transformation to d-q axis

 for no-load (id = iq = 0) steady-state operation (idk =

iqk = 0)

On comparing vdse &vqse

 Vm is the maximum value of the excitation emf Efm

per phase for the field current If.
By definition e is the position of the d-axis with
reference to the a-phase axis.

under the no-load condition, the q-axis coincides

with the voltage space-vector

 Steady-state speed of the synchronous machine equals the

angular frequency of the supply

where eo is the time-zero position of the d-axis with

respect to the a-phase axis.
With a constant shaft torque, during steady-state
operation, the stator carries balanced currents at the
angular frequency .

 let

Transformation to d-q axis

 Sub. e

DC variables
The rms value of the stator current is given by

 On substitution of Idse &Iqse

Vdse &Vqse can also expressed as

 Both Vds and Vqs exist for a non-zero shaft torque.

Rs being small, for motor operation, Vds is negative
and Vqs is definitely positive.
Thus

 Load - displacement of the q-axis relative to the

voltage space-vector is known as the rotor angle, or
the torque angle.

Torque angle

Torque balance
At t =0

Steady-state torque equation

Electromagnetic torque under the steady- state
condition is

 On solving the above eqns for Ids and Iqs, ignoring Rs,
Te can be expressed as

Steady-state circuit model of a non-salient-pole

synchronous machine
Under steady state the damper windings carry no current
and the field current undergoes no change.

Hence their impedances need not be considered in the

steady-state equivalent circuit.

Let us consider the generating operation.

If

emf Ef

stator winding is closed

emf Ef
Ia
a

emf Ea in the stator winding lagging behind Ia by 900

 Net terminal voltage is

 ar and al are known, respectively, as the armature

reaction flux and the armature leakage flux
ar

Ear & al

Xs =Xar + Xal
r = f + ar

Er = air-gap voltage

Eal

Steady-state Model with Rectifier Load

variable-speed wind energy conversion system
dc link
dc link decouples the variable-frequency generator
from the constant-frequency grid system
The d, q variables of the machine in steady state are
constants (p = 0)

for the generating operation

To eliminate
Vdse &Vqse

For simplification

 For level dc-link current Idc, the rms value of

the fundamental component of the generator
current is

Generator pf:

Overlap angle:

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Constructional Aspects
Wind turbines - 25-50 rpm

- gear box to 1000 or 1500 rpm

- Gear box: Additional cost, weight, power loss,
regular maintenance, and noise generation

Induction and synchronous machines

- pole pitches about 150 mm
- a large number of poles in the range 120-240,
necessary for the direct-coupled generator
turning
at low speed
- large diameter

 Permanent magnet (PM)

- pole pitch - less than 40 mm.
- acceptable diameter
- Types of rotor configuration
(i) surface-type permanent magnet
- high-energy, rare-earth magnets
- neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B)

(ii). interior-type machine

- cheaper ferrite magnets are
circumferentially oriented
between flux-concentrating pole
pieces.

 The surface-type machine has lower structural integrity and

mechanical robustness
Equal d- and q-axis reactances
Interior-type machine has a somewhat greater q-axis
reactance than the d-axis reactance

Steady-state Equations
The generated emf Eg of a permanent magnet
generator

(upf)

Power Flow Between Two Synchronous Sources

A pulse width modulated (PWM) VSI is used for power exchange
Inverter produces an output voltage VI at the fundamental
frequency with the required phase angle and magnitude and
synchronized with the ac system voltage Vs through an inductor.

 Real power flow Ps= 3 VsIs cos