Atom is the smallest particle that can exist independently.

Every element is made of atoms.

All atoms of same element are identical to each other.
Atoms of different elements are different from each other.

Atom consist of three subatomic particles
i. Protons
ii. Neutrons
iii. Electrons
Electron-
Negatively
charged particles
having mass
1/1840
Proton- Positively
charged particles
having mass 1
Neutron- Neutral
particles having
mass 1
Particle Symbol Relative mass Relative charges
Proton p 1 +1
Neutron n 1 0
Electron e 1/1840 -1

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and
neutrons in its atom.
Proton number of element is the number of protons present
in its atom.




23
11
Nucleon
Number
Proton
Number
64
29
108
47
207
82

Atoms of same element having different
number of neutrons.
Isotopes have same proton number (Z) but
different nucleon number or mass number (A)

Isotopic abundance means the amount in
percentage of a isotope present naturally.
Normal hydrogen contains all the three
isotopes of hydrogen.
Isotope
Name
Number of
neutrons
Nucleon
number
Isotopic
abundance
Hydrogen
(Protium)
0 1 99.985%
Deuterium 1 2 0.015%
Tritium 2 3 Artificial
isotope

Average atomic mass of an element is the
average of nucleon number or mass number of
all its isotopes according to their isotopic
abundance
(Nucleon number of 1st isotope isotopic abundance) + (Nucleon number of 2nd isotope isotopic abundance)
100
Average atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 units
Average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 units

Relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio
of the average mass of an atom to 1/12
th
the
mass of atom
Relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.008 units
Relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 units
35
Cl
37
Cl
Mass number 35 37
Percentage 75 % 25 %
Relative atomic mass (35 75) + (37 25) = 35.5
100

First shell can
contain 2
electrons (a
duplet)
Second shell
can contain 8
electrons (an
octet)
Electrons
revolve around
the nucleus in
orbits just like
planets revolve
around the sun
Each orbit
have a
particular
energy, so
they are called
energy levels
or shells.
Shell
Maximum No of
Electrons
n = 1 2n
2
= 2
n = 2
2n
2
= 8
n = 3
2n
2
= 18

Valence electrons are the number of electrons
present in the last shell of an atom of element
How many electrons are present in the shells.

1
1
11
23
6
12



1
H
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
In periodic table elements are arranged in order of
increasing proton number
I II III IV V VI VII
VIII
or
O
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Vertical columns are called groups. Group number
indicates the number of valence electrons. Each
element in the group contains equal number of
valence electrons.
1
2 Li
3 Na
4 K
5 Rb
6 Cs
7 Fr
Horizontal rows are called periods. Period number
indicates the number of shell. Each element in the
period have same number of shells.