Naveen Patel

Naveen Patel
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) uses Spanning Tree Algorithm to avoid
the Switching loops in layer-2 devices (bridges or switches).
STP works when multiple switches are used with redundant links avoiding
Broadcast Storms, Multiple Frame Copies & Database instability.
First Developed By DEC
STP is a open standard (IEEE 802.1D)
Spanning Tree Protocol
Naveen Patel
Switch D
Spanning Tree Protocol
Root :B
Root :A
Root :C
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00003 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
FA0/23
Switch C
Switch A
FA0/24
FA0/24
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/23
I'm the Root
I'm the Root
I'm the Root
Switch B
Naveen Patel
Spanning Tree Protocol
Root :B
Root :A
Root :C
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00003 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
Switch B
Switch C
Switch A
I'm the Root
Because MY
ID is Lesser
I'm the Not
Root Because
B ID is Lesser
B Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 B Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 B Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
Root :B
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/24
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/23
Naveen Patel
Switch D
Spanning Tree Protocol
Root :B
Root :A
Root :B
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
Switch B
Switch C
Switch A
A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001 A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001 A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root :A Root :A
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/24
FA0/23 FA0/24
B is not Root
Because A ID
is Lesser
I'm the Not
Root Because
A ID Is Lesser
Naveen Patel
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
Switch B
Switch C
Switch A
Root :A
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root :A Root :A
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Spanning Tree Protocol
Speed 100 Mbps
Root Port
D

P
o
r
t

D

P
o
r
t

Non D. Port
X
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/24
FA0/23 FA0/24
FA0/23
Root Port
D Port
Naveen Patel
BPDU
All switches exchange information through what is called as Bridge
Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)
BPDUs contain a lot of information to help the switches determine the
topology and any loops that result from that topology.
BPDUs are sent every 2 sec
Bridge ID
Each switch has a unique identifier called a Bridge ID or Switch ID
Bridge ID = Priority + MAC address of the switch
When a switch advertises a BPDU , they place their switch id in these
BPDUs.

STP Terminology
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Root Bridge
The bridge with the Best (Lowest) ID.
Out of all the switches in the network , one is elected as a root
bridge that becomes the focal point in the network.
Non-Root bridge
All Switches other than the Root Bridge are Non-Root Bridges
STP Terminology
Naveen Patel
Designated port
Either a port On a root bridge or a port that has been
determined as having the best (lower) cost.
A designated port will always in Forward Mode
Root port
The link directly connected to the root bridge, or the
shortest path to the root bridge.
Priority and Alternatives if Conflict occurred.
Root port with the least cost (Speed) connecting to the root bridge.
The bridge with the Best (Lowest) Switch ID.
Lowest Physical Port Number.
Only One root port will Be in Bridge or switch.
Non Designated port
All the Port or ports which are blocked by STP to avoid switching loop.
A Non Designated port Will Always in Blocked Mode.
STP Terminology
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Disable - No Limits.

Blocking - 20 Sec Or No Limits.

Listening - 15 Sec.

Learning - 15 Sec.

Forwarding - No Limits.

Switch - Port States
Naveen Patel
VTP is a CISCO proprietary protocol
used to share the VLAN configurations with multiple switches.
Information will be passed only if switches connected with
FastEthernet or higher ports.
Note: Switches Should be configure with same Domain Name.
Domain Names are not Case sensitive.
Virtual LAN Trunking Protocol
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VTP Mode are of three types :
Server Mode
A Switch configured in Server mode can Add , Modify
and Delete VLANs
A Default VTP mode for all switches
Client Mode
A switch configured in Client mode cannot Add , Modify and
Delete its VLAN configurations
Doesnt store its VLAN configuration information in the
NVRAM. Instead , learns it from the server every time it
boots up
Transparent Mode
A switch configured in a Transparent Mode can Add ,
Modify and Delete VLAN configurations. Changes in one
transparent switch will not affect any other switch.
VTP Modes
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VTP Messages
Advertisement Request

Subset Advertisement

Summary Advertisement
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VLAN Trunking Protocol Configuration
Marketing
Vlan no. 6
Sales
Vlan no. 5
192.168.20.1 192.168.20.2 192.168.20.3
Marketing
Vlan no. 6
Sales
Vlan no. 5
192.168.20.4 192.168.20.5 192.168.20.6
Fa0/24
Fa0/24
VTP Server
VTP Client
Naveen Patel
CDP
Cisco Property Protocol.
CDP is enable by default in All Cisco Networking Devices.
CDP Advertisement are send through all the ports by default.
CDP Advertisement are send every 60 second.
Advertisement are send via multicast.

Naveen Patel
Once the Layer 1 is Active CDP Sends the information to its neighbor.
It can be used for Layer 1, layer 2, layer 3 troubleshooting.
Information
Logical Address (if define).
Hostname (given by hostname command).
Hardware Platform.
IOS Version.
Interface Type and Interface Number of local and remote device connected.

Advantages Of CDP
Naveen Patel
CDP Can be used only between Cisco Devices.
Information about only directly connected neighbors can be known.
Can be used to troubleshoot only between two Cisco devices not any other
like Pc To switch.
Disadvantages Of CDP
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CDP
E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0
E0
E0
HYD
CHE
Bombay
Agra Simla
DEL
Surat
CHE
SRI
S24
S50
Naveen Patel
Naveen Patel
switch65# Config terminal
switch65(config)# vtp domain zoom
switch65(config)#
switch65(config)#
vtp mode server
vtp password cisco
switch65(config)# ^z
switch65# show vtp status
switch65(config)# vtp pruning
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 0
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 64
Number of existing VLANs : 7
VTP Operating Mode : Server
VTP Domain Name : zoom
VTP Pruning Mode : Enabled
VTP V2 Mode : Enabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
MD5 digest : 0xE4 0x74 0xA1 0xA3 0x21 0x8D 0xF1 0xB0
Configuration last modified by 192.168.20.65 at 3-1-93 01:13:25
Local updater ID is 192.168.20.65 on interface Vl1 (lowest numbered VLAN interfa
ce found)

VTP Configuration 2950 Series
Switch(config)# VTP Domain <Name>
Switch(config)# VTP Password <password>
Switch(config)# VTP Mode <server/client/transparent>
Switch(config)# VTP pruning
VTP Configuration 2900 Series
Switch#VLAN Database
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Domain <Name>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Password <password>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Mode <server/client/transparent>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP pruning
Naveen Patel
Vtp client
switch75# Config terminal
switch75(config)# vtp domain zoom
switch75(config)#
switch75(config)#
vtp mode Client
vtp password cisco
switch75(config)# ^z
switch75# show vtp status
switch75(config)# vtp pruning
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 0
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 64
Number of existing VLANs : 7
VTP Operating Mode : Client
VTP Domain Name : zoom
VTP Pruning Mode : Enabled
VTP V2 Mode : Enabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
MD5 digest : 0xE4 0x74 0xA1 0xA3 0x21 0x8D 0xF1 0xB0
Configuration last modified by 192.168.20.65 at 3-1-93 01:13:25
Local updater ID is 192.168.20.65 on interface Vl1 (lowest numbered VLAN interfa
ce found)
Naveen Patel
Cdp
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r Repeater

Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
HYD Fas 0/4 140 R 2500 Eth 0
S50 Fas 0/24 126 S I WS-C2950T- Fas 0/24
Agra Fas 0/8 130 R 2500 Eth 0
Simla Fas 0/10 160 R 2500 Eth 0
Bombay Fas 0/5 158 R 2500 Eth 0
Surat Fas 0/6 124 R 2500 Eth 0
CHE Fas 0/7 140 R 2520 Eth 0
Sri Fas 0/18 120 R 2611 Eth 0/0
Del Fas 0/9 150 R 2500 Eth 0
s24#
Global CDP information:
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled
s24# show cdp neighbors
show cdp
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cdp2
s24# show cdp neighbors detail
-------------------------
Device ID: HYD
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.4.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/4, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 131 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
-------------------------
Device ID: s50
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.20.50
Platform: cisco WS-C2950T-24, Capabilities: Switch IGMP
Interface: FastEthernet0/24, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/24
Holdtime : 177 sec
--More--
Naveen Patel
cdp3
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(12c)EA1,
RELEASE SOFTWA (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sun 24-Nov-02 23:31 by antonino
advertisement version: 2
Protocol Hello: OUI=0x00000C, Protocol ID=0x0112; payload
len=27, value=00000
0FFFFFFFF010221FF000000000000000BFDFE9800FF0000
VTP Management Domain: zoom'
Native VLAN: 1
Duplex: full
-------------------------
Device ID: Agra
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.8.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/8, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 174 sec
Version :
-- More --
Naveen Patel
Cdp4
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
-------------------------
Device ID: SIMLA
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.10.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities:
Interface: FastEthernet0/10, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 141 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.0(9), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 24-Jan-00 21:19 by bettyl
advertisement version: 1

--More--

Naveen Patel
Cdp5
-------------------------
Device ID: Bombay
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.5.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/5, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 135 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
-------------------------
Device ID: surat
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.6.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/6, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 158 sec

-- More--

Naveen Patel
cdp6
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
-------------------------
Device ID: CHE
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.7.150
Platform: cisco 2520, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/7, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 173 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
--More--
Naveen Patel
cdp7
Device ID: sri
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.11.150
Platform: cisco 2611, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/18, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0/0
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:12 by phanguye
-------------------------
Device ID: del
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.9.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/9, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
Naveen Patel
cdp8
s24# show cdp interface fa 0/24
FastEthernet0/24 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation ARPA
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Holdtime is 180 seconds
Naveen Patel
chennai#
chennai#
Global CDP information:
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
Ban Ser 0 145 R 2509 Ser 1
Hyd Ser 1 141 R 2500 Ser 0
S50 Eth 0 124 S I WS-C2950T-Fas 0/2

show cdp
show cdp neighbors
Naveen Patel
Cdp r 2
chennai# show cdp neighbors detail
-------------------------
Device ID: s50
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.20.50
Platform: cisco WS-C2950T-24, Capabilities: Switch IGMP
Interface: Ethernet0, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/2
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS - C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(12c), RELEASE SOFTWAR
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
-------------------------
Device ID: ban
Entry address(es):
IP address: 11.0.0.2
Platform: cisco 2509, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1
Holdtime : 121 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
-- More --
Naveen Patel
Cdp r 3`
Device ID: hyd
Entry address (es):
IP address: 10.0.0.1
Platform: Cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0
Hold time : 175 sec
Version :
Cisco Internet work Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
show cdp interface
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation ARPA
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Hold time is 180 seconds
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Hold time is 180 seconds
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
chennai#