QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR

ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
2012
The subject of Calculus
Derivative
Integral
Ordinary (partial )
differential equations

DERIVATIVE
Why we must to know derivative.
Most non-mathematicians asked
what is the derivative at a point x
of the function y=f(x) . Usually,
the derivative is denoted by

or
DERIVATIVE
The derivative can be viewed
as RATE MEASURER.
Derivative as rate measurer
interpret as follows
1. Whatever be the quantity y
its derivative gives how
fast y is changing with t.

2. If is positive, then the rate of
change of y with respect to x is
positive. This means that if x
increase, then y also increases
and if x decreases, then y also
decreases.
3. If is negative, then the rate of
change of y with respect to x is
negative. This means that if x
increase, then y decreases and if
x decreases, then y increase.
DERIVATIVE
Generally, The derivative arise in
environmental science in two
ways :
1. Derivative is fundamentally
important (entities)
2. Derivative arise from maximum
and minimum problems.

NUMERICAL
DIFFERENTIATION
There are several reasons why we sometimes
want to differentiate numerically as well:
1. We may need the derivative of a function
that we know only as a table of values of
the form [x, f(x)]. For example, this
situation might arise if we had a table of
daily measurements of the volume of
water in a reservoir.
2. If a function is very messy, and we need
its derivative at only one point, numerical
differentiation may be the easiest way to
obtain it.
NUMERICAL
DIFFERENTIATION

3. Numerical differentiation can form the
basis for numerical methods for solving
differential equations.
4. Numerical derivatives can be very useful
for checking whether an analytic derivative
is correct or not.

Approximation to the derivatives can be
Obtained numerically using the following two
approaches
Methods based on finite differences for
equispaced data.
Methods based on divided differences or
Lagrange interpolation for non-uniform data
Methods based on finite differences :
1. Forward difference approximation.

2. Central difference approximation.

Consider the data (xi, f(xi)) given at equispaced
points xi = x0 + ih, i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n where h is
the step length.
The Newtons forward difference formula is
given by
Dari formula


Aproksimasi sampai suku ke-1


Aproksimasi sampai suku ke-2







Approximation for second derivative



MAX/MIN PROBLEM : OPTIMIZATION

Assumed and exist.

Then :

If then f(x) has relative minimum

If then f(x) has relative maximum

Example 1 :

Example 2 :
Exer.