Television Broadcasting

System
Transmitter
Image Orthicon Camera Tube:
In this optical system generate a focus image on photo
cathode which eventually produces charged image on Target
Mosaic.

Target Mosaic acquires positive electric charge and this
charge is proportional to the brightness of image.


Conti
Now electron Gun scans the target mosaic surface with
electron beam.


Conti..
This beam is controlled by a set of voltages across horizontal and
vertical deflection plates.

Periodic Saw Tooth signal is applied to these plates.

Beam scan horizontal line 1-2 in 53.5us and quickly flies back in
10us.

After this scan line 3-4 and so on.


Conti.
On target mosaic where there is a high positive charge
more electron from the beam will be absorbed and return
beam will have fewer electrons giving a smaller current.

Area crossonponding to darker element will return a large
current.

These scanning lines are not perfectly horizontal due to
vertical deflection signal.


Conti.
When all horizontal lines are scanned the vertical signal goes to
zero.

This indicates that beam is ready to start new frame.

Scanning is continues at a rate of 60 picture or frame per second.

The electrical signal thus generated is a video signal.

Now VSB modulates this video signal with carrier fc.


Conti.
The carrier is transmitted along with frequency modulated
audio carrier of frequency fa.

This audio carrier frequency is 4.5MHz higher than video
carrier fc

fa=fc+4.5MHz
Receiver
The receiver used is similar to Oscilloscope.

Electron gun with horizontal and vertical deflection plates
generates electron beam.

This electron beam scans the screen exactly the same pattern
as transmitter.

When electron beam flies back horizontally after each
horizontal line it will leave an unwanted fly back trace on the
screen.


Conti.
To avoid this horizontal blanking pulse is added this during
the fly back.

Similarly, a vertical blanking pulse is added at the end of each
vertical line.

These blanking pulses are added at the transmitter itself.

We also add scan synchronization information at the transmitter.

This is done by adding a large pulse to each blanking pulse.


Bandwidth
Each frame is consist of 525 lines.

Out of which 495 are active.

Image must be transmitted in a rapid succession at a rate of 40 image per
second.

In television, in order to conserve bandwidth we use only 30 frame per
second.

To eliminate flicker effect we scan 495 lines into successive pattern.

In first scanning pattern, (first called the first field) the entire image is scan
only 247.5 lines.




Conti.
In second scanning pattern called the second field the image is
scanned by 247.5 lines.

These two fields together make a complete image.

There are 30 complete frames per second are sent.

Total of 525*525*30=8.27*10^6 pixels are sent per second.

Hence the band width is half of this which is 4.135MHz.




Video Spectrum
Consider a still image

Conti.
The scanning procedure discussed earlier is equivalent to
scanning an array of same image repeating itself in both
dimensions.

The brightness level b is the function of x and y and can be
expressed as b(x,y).

Fourier series for b(x,y) is
Conti.
If scanning beams moves with velocity Vx and Vy in x and y
direction.
We know that s=vt then video signal e(t) is

Conti.
a/Vx is the time required for scanning one horizontal line,
b/Vy is the time required to scan the complete image.
TV Channel Frequency
FCC( Federal Communication System) allow 6MHz for
each channel.
Compatible Color Television (CCTV)
In television, all color can be synthesized by mixing three color
blue, green and red in right amount.

Optical system resolve the image into three primary color image.

A set three camera tubes produces three video signals m
r
(t), m
b

(t), m
g
(t).

To transmit these signals we require three times more bandwidth
as that of monochrome television.


Conti.
Secondly, it is not compatible with the existing
monochrome system

These problems are solved by using matrixing.

The information about m
r
(t), m
b
(t), m
g
(t) can be
transmitted by three signals.

Each signal should be linear combination of m
r
(t), m
b

(t), m
g
(t) .




Conti.
We can transmit the signal m
L
(t), m
I
(t), m
Q
(t) given by

Conti.
The signal m
L
(t) is known as luminance signal because this
particular combination of three primary color signals closely
matches the luminous of monochrome video signal.

A black and white set use only this signal

The signals m
I
(t) and m
Q
(t) are known as chrominance signal.

Other combinations of color can be used but these are used
because of certain features of human color vision efficiently.
Multiplexing Luminance and
Chrominance Signals
The signal m
L
(t) is transmitted as a monochrome video signal of
bandwidth 4.2MHz.

Signal m
I
(t) and m
Q
(t) also have a bandwidth of 4.2 MHz.

Human eye is not perceptive to changes in chrominance over
smaller areas.

We can cut out the high frequency components without effecting the
quality of picture.

This enable us to limit the bandwidth of m
I
(t) and m
Q
(t) to 1.6 and
0.6MHz.
Conti.
The signal m
I
(t) is furthur split into two components m
IH
(t) and m
I
(t)-
m
IH
(t).

The signal m
IH
(t) has range from 0.6-1.6MHz.

Signal m
I
(t)- m
IH
(t) has a range of 0-0.6MHz.

Signal m
Q
(t) and m
I
(t)- m
IH
(t) are sent by Qam where as m
IH
(t) is sent
by LSB.

The subcarrier has a frequency of f
cc
=3.583125MHz.

.

Conti.
The signal x
Q
(t)=m
Q
(t)sinw
cc
t
Conti.
The composite multiplexed signal is m
c
(t)

Receiver
CCTV required to be compatible with monochrome receivers

Apply m
v
(t) to monochrome receiver

It may seem to remove chrominance signal from m
v
(t) before
applying to receiver.

Fortunately, this is not necessary because interference of
chrominance signal with luminance signal on screen is practically
invisible to human eye.
DE multiplexing
Received signal is demodulated as in monochrome
case.
Signal is DE multiplexed to separate m
I
(t) , m
L
(t) and
m
Q
(t)