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The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It defines total body water (TBW) as 60% of body weight in men and 50% in women. It describes the two types of body fluid as intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Health promotion requires maintaining balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Signs of fluid volume excess include edema, ascites, swollen eyelids, weight gain, and crackles in the lungs. Assessment of fluid balance involves monitoring weight, vital signs, fluid intake and output, and physical examination findings.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It defines total body water (TBW) as 60% of body weight in men and 50% in women. It describes the two types of body fluid as intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Health promotion requires maintaining balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Signs of fluid volume excess include edema, ascites, swollen eyelids, weight gain, and crackles in the lungs. Assessment of fluid balance involves monitoring weight, vital signs, fluid intake and output, and physical examination findings.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It defines total body water (TBW) as 60% of body weight in men and 50% in women. It describes the two types of body fluid as intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Health promotion requires maintaining balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Signs of fluid volume excess include edema, ascites, swollen eyelids, weight gain, and crackles in the lungs. Assessment of fluid balance involves monitoring weight, vital signs, fluid intake and output, and physical examination findings.
081 392 339 741 Outcome Pembelajaran Fisiologi balance cairan Gangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit Menghitung kebutuhan cairan&elektrolit klien Mendiskusikan penentuan terapi cairan&elektrolit Fluid, electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance (1073) The term body fluid is used to denote both water and electrolytes, whereas the term body water refers to water alone. Homeostasis, or equilibrium of the internal environment, refers to the state of balance of body fluid Fluid compartments The bodys fluid is contained within three compartments: cells, blood vessels, and the tissue space (space between the cells and blood vessels). Blood vessels have permeable membranes that bathe and feed the cells. The intravascular fluid of arterioles carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells. The venules take in the waste products from the cells metabolic activity. 3. The Blood
A. Plasma Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste
B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not have a nucleus and live only about 120 days.
Can not repair themselves. C. Leukocytes White Blood cells
Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow
Five types neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. D. ThrombocytesPlatelets.
These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow from magakaryocytes.
Clot Blood by sticking together via protein fibers called fibrin. Komposisi cairan tubuh TBW: 60 % dari BB pria & 50 % dari BB wanita. Usia juga berpengaruh terhadap TBW dimana makin tua usia makin sedikit kandungan airnya. BBL 70-80 % dr BB, usia 1th 60 % dr BB, usia pubertas 39th pria 60 % & wanita 52 % usia 40-60 thn pria 55 % & wanita 47 % dari BB, >60thn pria 52 % dari BB & wanita 46 % dari BB Distribusi Cairan tubuh didistribusikan diantara dua kompartemen: CES dan CIS Cairan intraseluler kira-kira 2/3 (40 % dari BB) Cairan ekstraseluler 20 % dari BB, cairan ini terdiri atas plasma (cairan intravaskuler) 5 %, cairan interstisial (cairan di sekitar tubuh seperti limfe) 10-15 % dan transeluler (misalnya, cairan serebrospinalis, sinovial, cairan dalam peritonium, cairan dalam rongga mata, dan lain- lain ) 1-3 %. Cont The body normally maintains a balance between the amount of fluid taken in and the amount excreted. Health promotion requires a maintenance of body fluid and acid-base balance. There are two types of body fluid: intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF). Because intravascular and interstitial fluid are outside the cells, these fluids are extracellular. Water is also needed by the body to:
Give shape and form to the cells Regulate body temperature Act as a lubricant in joints Cushion body organs Maintain peak physical performance (Water loss has a negative effect on the bodys ability to function, because every 2% to 5% of water loss results in a 30% decrease in work performance) Pergerakan cairan n elektrolit Difusi: partikel dalam cairan bergerak dari konsentrasi tinggi rendah sampai terjadi keseimbangan, menembus membran sel. Kecepatan difusi dipengaruhi oleh ukuran molekul, konsenrasi larutan, dan temperatur Osmosis: bergeraknya pelarut bersih seperti air, melalui membran semipermeabel dari larutan yang berkonsentrasi lebih rendah lebih tinggi yang sifatnya menarik Transpor aktif : partikel bergerak dari konsentrasi rendah tinggi karena adanya daya aktif dari tubuh seperti pompa jantung.
Ketentuan volume cairan Komposisi cairan tubuh meliputi: Elektrolit Kation: Na, K, Mg, Ca Anion: Cl, HCo3, PO4, SO4 Mineral Sel (SDP, SDM) Pengaturan keseimbangan cairan Mekanisme haus: keinginan sadar akan cairan. Pusat hipotalamus, osmolalitas CES meningkat sel mengkerut dehidrasi sensasi haus Hormon ADH: fungsi meningkatkan reabsorpsi air n mempertahankan volume CES Hormon aldosteron: meningkatkan absorbsi natrium @tubulus ginjal. Retensi natrium retensi air Prostaglandin Glukokorticoid: resorpsi Na dan air memperbesar volume darah Pengeluaran cairan Kulit: IWL (insesible water loss), 15- 20cc/24jam atau 350-400 ml/hr Paru-paru: dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman n kecepatan nafas. IWL paru 350-400cc/hr Pencernaan Ginjal: 1500cc/hr Faktor yang mempengaruhi Usia Temperatur lingkungan: stimulus sistem saraf simpatis bkeringat cairan n garam hilang Kondisi stres: ADH keluar urine sdkt Keadaan sakit: ex: luka bakar, ggl ginjal Diet: nutrisi tak adekuat albumin serum turun cairan interstisial tdk bs masuk k pblh darah edema (penumpukan cairan) Gangguan volume cairan Ketidakseimbangan cairan Fluid volume defisit (FVD): dehidrasi ringan; sedang; berat Fluid volume eccess (FVE): kelebihan CES (pitting edema, asites, palpebra, BB lebih, paru bunyi ronkhi ) Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit Hiper dan hiponatremi Hipo dan hiperkalemi Hipo dan hiperkalsemi dll Pengkajian-rencana kep Riwayat keperawatan Pemasukan dan pengeluaran cairan dan makanan (oral dan parenteral) Tanda umum masalah elektrolit Tanda kekurangan dan kelebihan cairan Proses penyakit yang menyebabkan gangguan homeostatis cairan dan elektrolit Pengobatan tertentu yang sedang dijalani dapat mengganggu status cairan Status perkembangan seperti usia atau situasi sosial Faktor psikologis seperti perilaku emosional yang mengganggu pengobatan
Pengukuran klinik Berat badan : kehilangan / bertambahnya berat badan menunjukkan adanya masalah keseimbangan cairan : +/- 2 % : ringan +/- 5 % : sedang +/- 10 % : berat Pengukuran BB dilakukan setiap hari pada waktu yang sama. Keadaan umum: pengukuran TTV (suhu, TD, nadi, RR). Tingkat kesadaran. Pengukuran pemasukan cairan : cairan oral (NGT dan oral), cairan parenteral termasuk obat-obatan IV, makanan yang cenderung mengandung air, irigasi kateter atau NGT. Pengukuran pengeluaran cairan : urine (volume, kejernihan / kepekatan), feses (jumlah dan konsistensi), muntah, tube drainase, IWL. Pemeriksaan fisik Integumentum : keadaan turgor kulit, edema, kelelahan, kelemahan otot, tetani, dan sensasi rasa. Kardiovaskuler : distensi vena jugularis, tekanan darah, hemoglobin, dan bunyi jantung Mata : cekung, air mata kering Neurologi : refleks, gangguan motorik dan sensorik, tingkat kesadaran Gastrointestinal : keadaan mukosa mulut, mulut dan lidah, muntah-muntah dan bising usus Pemeriksaan penunjang : pemeriksaan elektrolit, darah lengkap, PH, berat jeins urine dan analisis gas darah.
Referensi Wahit Iqbal, dkk. 2008. Buku Ajar Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia: teori dan Aplikasi dalam Praktik. Jakarta: EGC Tarwoto and Wartonah. 2006. Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia dan Proses Keperawatan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika Exercise . . . TBW didefinisikan sbg??? Berapa??? 2 jenis cairan, apa saja!! fungsi cairan itu???? Mekanisme pergerakan cairan ??? 2 macam elektrolit !! Mekanisme haus tu seperti apa sih???
Cont . . . Apa itu ADH & Fungsi hormon ADH Mekanisme pengeluaran cairan seperti apa?? Faktor yg mempengaruhi keseimbangan cairan, tu apa aja to??? Ciri dari Fluid volume eccess (FVE) adalah . . . Pemeriksaan klinik Pemeriksaan fisik