Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill

Chapter 15: Fasteners and Power Screws

Engineers need to be continually reminded that nearly all engineering
failures result from faulty judgments rather than faulty calculations.
Eugene S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Minds Eye.
Image: A collection of threaded fasteners.
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Profile Parameters
Figure 15.1 Parameters used in defining terminology of thread
profile.
Text Reference: Figure 15.1, page 667
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Threads
Figure 15.2 (a) Single-, (b) double-, and (c) triple threaded screws.
Text Reference: Figure 15.2, page 667
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Profiles
Figure 15.3 Thread profiles. (a) ACME; (b) UN.
Text Reference: Figure 15.3, page 668
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
M and UN Thread Profiles
Figure 15.4 Details of M and UN thread profiles.
Text Reference: Figure 15.4, page 668
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Thread Classifications
Inch seri es Metric seri es
Bol ts Nuts Bolts Nuts
1A
2A
3A
1B
2B
3B
8g
6g
8h
7H
6H
5H
Table 15.1 Inch and metric equivalent thread classification.
Text Reference: Table 15.1, page 669
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
ACME Thread Profile
Figure 15.5 Details of ACME thread profile. (All dimensions are
in inches.)
Text Reference: Figure 15.5, page 670
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
ACME Thread Properties
Crest diameter,
d
c
, in.
Number of
threads per inch,
a
n
Tensile stress
area, A
t
, in
2
Shear stress
area, A
s
, in
2
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
2 3/4
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
16
14
12
12
10
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
0. 02663
0. 04438
0. 06589
0. 09720
0. 1225
0. 1955
0. 2732
0. 4003
0. 5175
0. 6881
0. 8831
1. 030
1. 266
1. 811
2. 454
2. 982
3. 802
4. 711
5. 181
7. 338
9. 985
12. 972
16. 351
0. 3355
0. 4344
0. 5276
0. 6396
0. 7278
0. 9180
1. 084
1. 313
1. 493
1. 722
1. 952
2. 110
2. 341
2. 803
3. 262
3. 610
4. 075
4. 538
4. 757
5. 700
6. 640
7. 577
8. 511
Table 15.2 Crest diameters, threads per inch, and stresses for Acme thread.
Text Reference: Table 15.2, page 671
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Screw with Collar
Figure 15.6 Dimensions and
angles of power screw with
collar.
Text Reference: Figure 15.6, page 672
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Power Screw Forces
Figure 15.7 Forces acting in raising load of power screw. (a) Forces acting on
parallelepiped; (b) forces acting on axial section; (c) forces acting on tangential plane.
Text Reference: Figure 15.7, page 673
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Types of Threaded Fasteners
Figure 15.8 Three types of threaded fastener. (a) Bolt and nut; (c) Cap
screw; (c) stud.
Text Reference: Figure 15.8, page 679
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Connection Simulated as Bolt and Joint Springs
Figure 15.9 Bolt-and-nut assembly
simulated as bolt-and-joint spring.
Text Reference: Figure 15.9, page 680
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Force vs. Deflection
of Bolt and Member
Figure 15.10 Force versus deflection of
bolt and member. (s) Seperated bolt and
joint; (b) assembled bolt and joint.
Text Reference: Figure 15.10, page 680
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Force vs. Deflection with External Load
Figure 15.11 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint when external load is applied.
Text Reference: Figure 15.11, page 681
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Bolt and Nut
Figure 15.12 Bolt and
nut. (a) Assembled;
(b) stepped-shaft
representation of
shank and threaded
section.
Text Reference: Figure 15.12, page 682
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Bolt and Nut Assembly
Figure 15.13 Bolt-and-nut
assembly with conical fustrum
stress representation of joint.
Text Reference: Figure 15.13, page 683
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Constants for Joint Stiffness Formula
Poiss ons
Modulus of
Elasticity, E, Numerical Constants
Material ratio, GPa A
i
B
i
Steel
Aluminum
Copper
Gray cast iron
0. 291
0. 334
0. 326
0. 211
206. 8
71.0
118. 6
100. 0
0. 78715
0. 79670
0. 79568
0. 77871
0.62873
0.63816
0.63553
0.61616
Table 15.3 Constants used in joint stiffness formula [Eq. (15.26)] [From
Wileman et al (1991)]
Text Reference: Table 15.3, page 684
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.6
Figure 15.14 Hexagonal bolt-and-nut assembly used in Example 15.6. (a)
Assembly and dimensions; (b) dimensions of frustum cone. (All dimensions
are in millimeters.)
Text Reference: Figure 15.14, page 685
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Strength of Bolts (Inches)
SAE grade
Range of
cres t
diameters,
in.
Ultimate
tensile
s trength, S
ut
,
ksi
Yield
strength, S
y
,
ksi
Proof
s trength, S
p
,
ks i
1
2
4
5
7
8
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 3/4
3/4-1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1
1 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
1/4 - 1 1/2
60
74
60
115
120
105
133
150
36
57
36
100
92
81
115
130
33
55
33
65
85
74
105
120
Table 15.4 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in inches.
Text Reference: Table 15.4, page 687
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Strength of Bolts (Millimeters)
Table 15.5 Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in millimeters.
Text Reference: Table 15.5, page 687
Metric grade
Crest
di ameter, d
c
,
mm
Ultimate
tensile
strength, S
ut
,
MPa
Yi eld
strength, S
y
,
MPa
Proof
strength, S
p
,
MPa
4.6
4.8
5.8
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9
M5-M36
M1.6-M16
M5-M24
M17-M36
M1.6-M16
M6-M36
M1.6-M36
400
420
520
830
900
1040
1220
240
340
a
415
a
660
720
a
940
1100
225
310
380
600
650
830
970
aYield strength approximate and not included in standard.
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions
Coarse Threads (UNC) Fine Threads (UNF)
Crest
diameter,
d
c
, in.
Number of
threads per
inch, n
Tensile
stress area,
A
t
, in.
2
Number of
threads per
inch, n
Tensile
stress area,
A
t
, in.
2
0. 0600
0. 0730
0. 0860
0. 0990
0. 1120
0. 1250
0. 1380
0. 1640
0. 1900
0. 2160
0. 3500
0. 3125
0. 3750
0. 4735
0. 5000
0. 5625
0. 6250
0. 7500
0. 8750
1. 000
1. 125
1. 250
1. 375
1. 500
1. 750
2. 000
-
64
56
48
40
40
32
32
24
24
20
18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4 1/2
-
0. 00263
0. 00370
0. 00487
0. 00604
0. 00796
0. 00909
0. 0140
0. 0175
0. 0242
0. 0318
0. 0524
0. 0775
0. 1063
0. 1419
0. 182
0. 226
0. 334
0. 462
0. 606
0. 763
0. 969
1. 155
1. 405
1. 90
2. 50
80
72
64
56
48
44
40
36
32
28
28
24
24
20
20
18
18
16
14
12
12
12
12
12
-
-
0. 00180
0. 00278
0. 00394
0. 00523
0. 00661
0. 00830
0. 01015
0. 01474
0. 0200
0. 0258
0. 0364
0. 0580
0. 0878
0. 1187
0. 1599
0. 203
0. 256
0. 373
0. 509
0. 663
0. 856
1. 073
1. 315
1. 581
-
-
Table 15.6 Dimensions
and tensile stress areas for
UN coarse and fine
threads.
Text Reference: Table 15.6, page 687
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions - Metric
Table 15.7 Dimensions
and tensile stress areas for
metric coarse and fine
threads.
Text Reference: Table 15.7, page 69
Coarse Threads (MC) Fine Threads (MF)
Crest
diameter,
d
c
, mm
Pitch, p,
mm
Tensile
stress area,
A
t
, mm
2
Pitch, p,
mm
Tensile
stress area,
A
t
, mm
2
1
1. 6
2
2. 5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
24
30
36
42
48
0. 25
0. 35
0. 4
0. 45
0. 5
0. 7
0. 8
1
1. 25
1. 5
1. 75
2
2. 5
3
3. 5
4
4. 5
5
0. 460
1. 27
2. 07
3. 39
5. 03
8. 78
14. 2
20. 1
36. 6
58. 0
84. 3
157
245
353
561
817
1121
1473
-
0. 20
. 25
. 35
. 35
. 5
. 5
. 75
1
1. 25
1. 25
1. 5
1. 5
2
2
3
-
-
-
1. 57
2. 45
3. 70
5. 61
9. 79
16. 1
22
39. 2
61. 2
92. 1
167
272
384
621
865
-
-
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Separation of Joint
Figure 15.15 Separation of joint.
Text Reference: Figure 15.15, page 690
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Cyclic Load
Figure 15.16 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint as function of
time.
Text Reference: Figure 15.16, page 691
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Stress Concentration Factors
SAE grade
Metric
grade
Rolled
threads
Cut
threads
Fillet
0-2
4-8
3. 6-5. 8
6. 6-10. 9
2. 2
3. 0
2. 8
3. 8
2. 1
2. 3
Table 15.8 Fatigue stress concentration factors for threaded elements.
Text Reference: Table 15.8, page 692
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Gasketed Joint
Figure 15.17 Threaded fastener with unconfined
gasket and two other members.
Text Reference: Figure 15.17, page 694
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Failure Modes of Riveted Fasteners
Figure 15.18 Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners. (a)
Bending of member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member; (e)
bearing of rivet on member or bearing of member on rivet.
Text Reference: Figure 15.18, page 695
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.9
Figure 15.19 Group of
riveted fasteners used in
Example 15.9. (a)
Assembly of rivet group;
(b) radii from centroid to
center of rivets; (c)
resulting triangles; (d)
direct and torsional shear
acting on each rivet; (e)
side view of member.
(All dimensions are in
inches.)
Text Reference: Figure 15.19, page 697
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.10
Figure 15.20 Pedestrian walkway riveted to steel bridge.
Text Reference: Figure 15.20, page 699
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Fillet Welds
Figure 15.21 Fillet
welds. (a) Cross
section of weld
showing throat and
legs; (b) shear planes.
Text Reference: Figure 15.21, page 701
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry and Parameters of Welds
Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704
Table 15.9 Geometry
of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)
Table 15.9 Geometry
of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]
Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)
Table 15.9
Geometry of
welds and
parameters
used when
considering
various types
of loading.
[From Mott
(1992)]
Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Electrode Properties
El ectrode Number Ul timate tensile
strength, S
u
, ksi
Yiel d strength, S
y
,
ksi
El ongation, e
k
,
percent
E60XX
E70XX
E80XX
E90XX
E100XX
E120XX
62
70
80
90
100
120
50
57
67
77
87
107
17-25
22
19
14-17
13-16
14
Table 15.10 Minimum strength properties of electrode classes.
Text Reference: Table 15.10, page 705
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Example 15.11
Figure 15.22 Welded bracket used in Example
15.11. (a) Dimensions, load and coordinates; (b)
torsional shear stress components at points A
and B. (All dimensions are in millimeters.)
Text Reference: Figure 15.22, page 706
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors
Type of weld
Fatigue stress
concentration factor, K
f
Reinforced butt weld
Toe of transverse fillet weld
End of parallel fillet weld
T-butt joint with sharp corners
1.2
1.5
2.7
2.0
Table 15.11 Fatigue strength reduction factors for welds.
[From Shigley and Mischke (1989)]
Text Reference: Table 15.11, page 709
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Adhesive Bonded
Joints
Figure 15.23 Four methods of
applying adhesive bonding.
(a) Lap; (b) butt; (c) scarf; (d)
double lap.
Text Reference: Figure 15.23, page 710
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Scarf Joint
Figure 15.24 Scarf
joint. (a) Axial loading;
(b) bending; (c) torsion.
Text Reference: Figure 15.24, page 711
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Integrated (Snap)
Fasteners
Figure 15.25 Common examples of
integrated fasteners. (a) Module
with four cantilever lugs; (b) cover
with two cantilever and two rigif
lugs; (c) seperable snap joints for
chassis cover.
Text Reference: Figure 15.25, page 714
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Cantilever Snap Joint
Figure 15.26 Cantilever snap joint.
Text Reference: Figure 15.26, page 714
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Figure 15.27 Permissible deflection of different snap fastener cantilever shapes.
Text Reference: Figure 15.27, page 715
Snap Fastener Design
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Friction Coefficients for Polymers
Coefficient of f riction
Material
On steel On s elf -mated
polymer
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE (Teflon)
Polyethylene (rigid)
Polyethylene (flexible)
Polypropylene
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
0. 12-0. 22
0. 20-0. 25
0. 55-0. 60
0. 25-0. 30
0. 50-0. 60
0. 50-0. 65
0. 55-0. 60
0. 40-0. 50
0. 45-0. 55
-
0. 40-0. 50
0. 66-0. 72
0. 38-0. 45
0. 60-0. 72
0. 60-0. 78
0. 55-0. 60
0. 48-0. 60
0. 54-0. 66
Table 15.12 Coefficients of friction for common snap fastener polymers [From
Bayer Corporation (1996)]
Text Reference: Table 15.12, page 716
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Cylinder End Cap Section
Figure 15.28 End cap of hydraulic cylinder for baler application.
Text Reference: Figure 15.28, page 717
Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Pembebanan Memanjang

Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
Pembebanan Melintang

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PINTU AIR

Hamrock, J acobson and Schmid 1998 McGraw-Hill
DONGKRAK