Steam Turbine Condenser

a.k.s.raghava
Flow Cycling : A Holistic Process in for A Power
Plant
A Device to Convert Dead Steam into Live Water
Water ready to take
Rebirth
Dead Steam
Layouts of A Condenser
Layouts of A Condenser
An Integral Steam Turbine and Condenser System
Steam Condenser
Steam condenser is a closed space into which steam exits the turbine
and is forced to give up its latent heat of vaporization.
It is a necessary component of a steam power plant because of two
reasons.
It converts dead steam into live feed water.
It lowers the cost of supply of cleaning and treating of working fluid.
It is far easier to pump a liquid than a steam.
It increases the efficiency of the cycle by allowing the plant to operate
on largest possible temperature difference between source and sink.
The steams latent heat of condensation is passed to the water flowing
through the tubes of condenser.
After steam condenses, the saturated water continues to transfer heat
to cooling water as it falls to the bottom of the condenser called, hot
well.
This is called sub cooling and certain amount is desirable.
The difference between saturation temperature corresponding to
condenser vacuum and temperature of condensate in hot well is called
condensate depression.
Two-Pass Surface Condenser
Thermal Processes Occurring in Condensers
The condenser never receives pure steam from the turbine.
A mixture of steam and non-condensable gases (Air-steam
mixture) enters the condenser.
The ratio of the quantity of gas that enters the condenser to the
quantity of steam is called the relative air content.

s c
air
m
m
,
-
-
= c
The value of c, depends on type, capacity, load and design dimensions
of the condenser plant.
Variation of Steam-air Mixture Parameters
air s c
m m
- -
+
,
air steam c
p p p + =
steam c
p p ~
e
s
p
e
a
p
sat
T
e
s c
T T =
c
' c
Using Daltons Law:



Gas laws:


Volumes and temperatures are same.
a s c
p p p + =
s s
s s
s a a
a a
a
T R m v p T R m v p
- - - -
= = &
c 622 . 0 =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
-
s
a
s
a
s
a
m
m
R
R
p
p
c 622 . 0 1+
=
c
s
p
p
At the entry to condenser the relative content of air is very low
and partial pressure of steam is almost equal to condenser
pressure.
As air-steam mixture moves in the condenser, steam is
condensed and the relative content of air increases.
Accordingly, the partial pressure of steam drops down.
The pressure in the bottom portion of condenser is lower than
that of the top portion.
The pressure drop from inlet to exit of condenser is called steam
exhaust resistance of a condenser.


The partial pressure of air at the bottom of the condenser cannot
be neglected.

e
c c c
p p p = A
The temperature of steam is a
function of condenser pressure.
As the air-steam mixture moves
through the condenser and the
steam is condensed, its
temperature decreases owing
to decreasing partial pressure
of saturated steam.
This is due to increase in
relative content of air in the
mixture.
The pressure also decreases
due to resistance to flow of
steam.
The zone of intensive
condensation.
The zone of cooling of air-
steam mixture.
steam c
p p ~
e
s
p
e
a
p
sat
T
e
s c
T T =
c
' c
s
T
c
T
Effect of Air Leakage & Irreversibilities On Condenser
Performance
air s c
m m
- -
+
,
air steam c
p p p + =
steam c
p p ~
e
s
p
e
a
p
sat
T
e
s c
T T =
c
' c
Variation of Steam Partial Pressure & Saturation Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6
Inlet
exit
Saturation Temperature,
0
C
Steam Partial Pressure, kPa
T
cw,in

T
cw,out

Condensate Depression
The temperature of condensate is always a few degrees
lower than the coincident condensing steam
temperature.
Sub cooling of condensate is undesirable on two
accounts:
It lowers the thermodynamic efficiency of the power
cycle.
It enhances the propensity of the condensate to
reabsorb non-condensable.
Energy Balance of A Condenser
Energy balance:



The temperature rise of cooling water:
6 to 7 degree C for single pass.
7 to 9 degree C for single pass.
10 to 12 degree C for four pass.

( ) ( )
Wi We W
CW
e
c c
c
T T C m h h m =
- -
A Device to Convert Dead Steam into Live Water
Water ready to take
Rebirth
Dead Steam
Effect of Air Leakage on Condenser Pressure
Cooling water Inlet Temperature
10
30
20
40 50
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

m
m

o
f

H
g

Condenser controlling the back pressure
Air pump controlling the back pressure
Air pump controlling the back pressure
Condenser controlling the back pressure
Power Loss Due to Excess Back Pressure
Performance Loss Due to Scaling & Fouling
in s steam
T m
,
&

out s steam
T m
,
&

in cw cw
T m
,
&

out cw cw
T m
,
&

Thermal Model of A Steam Condenser

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Condenser
The overall heat transfer coefficient for clean surface (U
c
) is given by
Considering the total fouling resistance, the heat transfer
coefficient for fouled surface (U
f
) can be calculated from the
following expression:
Cooling Water Outlet Temperature Calculation
The outlet temperature for the fluid flowing through the tube
is
The surface area of the heat exchanger for the fouled condition is :
( )

,
,
, in cw
cw p cw
steam
out cw
T
c m
h m
T +
A
=

| | h m LMTD F U A Q
f surface transfer
A = =

Correlations for Condensing Heat Transfer
Choice of a correlation depend on whether you are looking
at horizontal or vertical tubes, and whether condensation is
on the inside or outside.
Preliminaries
The condensate loading on a tube is the mass flow of
condensate per unit length that must be traversed by the
draining fluid.
The length dimension is perpendicular to the direction the
condensate flows;
the perimeter for vertical tubes,
the length for horizontal tubes.
Condensate Loading
This can be used to calculate a Reynolds number
Perimeter
condensate of flor Mass
= I
tubes. al for vertic
0
d
m
condensate
t

= I
tubes. horizontal for
tube
condensate
L
m

= I
film
on condensati

I
=
4
Re
Flow is considered laminar if this Reynolds number is less than 1800.
The driving force for condensation is the temperature difference
between the cold wall surface and the bulk temperature of the saturated
vapor

The viscosity and most other properties used in the condensing
correlations are evaluated at the film temperature, a weighted mean of
the cold surface (wall) temperature and the (hot) vapor saturation
temperature
surface vapour wall sat driving
T T T T T ~ = A
( )
4
3
4
3
driving
sat wall saturation sat film
T
T T T T T
A
= =
Wall Temperatures
It is often necessary to calculate the wall temperature
by an iterative approach.
The summarized procedure is:
1. Assume a film temperature, T
f

2. Evaluate the fluid properties (viscosity, density, etc.)
at this temperature
3. Use the properties to calculate a condensing heat
transfer coefficient (using the correlations to be
presented)
4. Calculate the wall temperature. The relationship will
typically be something like





( )
coolant sat
o o
sat wall
T T
A h
UA
T T

=
1
1
5. Use the wall temperature to calculate a film
temperature
6. Compare the calculated film temperature to that
from the initial step. If not equal, reevaluate the
properties and repeat.
Laminar Flow Outside Vertical Tubes

If condensation is occurring on the outside surface of vertical tubes, with
a condensate loading such that the condensate Reynolds Number is less
than 1800, the recommended correlation is:
( )
3
1
2
3
3
Re
47 . 1

=
f
v f f f
on condensati
cond
g k
h

Since the vapor density is usually much smaller than that of the
condensate film, some authors neglect it and use the film density
squared in the denominator.
The presence of ripples (slight turbulence) improves heat transfer, so
some authors advocate increasing the value of the coefficient by
about 20%.

Another form of writing h is :
( )
3
1
3
925 . 0

=
f
v f f f
cond
g k
h

this may also be compensated for rippling (0.925*1.2=1.11).

Turbulent Flow Outside Vertical Tubes
When the condensate Reynolds Number is greater than 1800, the
recommended correlation is :
( )
3
1
2
3
4 . 0
Re 0076 . 0

=
f
v f f f
cond
g k
h

Laminar Flow Outside Horizontal Tubes
When vapor condenses on the surface of horizontal tubes, the flow is
almost always laminar.
The flow path is too short for turbulence to develop. Again, there are two
forms of the same relationship:
The constant in the second form varies from 0.725 to 0.729.
The rippling condition (add 20%) is suggested for condensate Reynolds
Numbers greater than 40.
( )
3
1
2
3
3
Re
51 . 1

=
f
v f f f
on condensati
cond
g k
h

( )
4
1
0
3
725 . 0

A

=
d T
gh k
h
driving f
fg v f f f
cond

Condenser tubes are typically arranged in banks, so that the
condensate which falls off one tube will typically fall onto a tube
below.
The bottom tubes in a stack thus have thicker liquid films and
consequently poorer heat transfer.
The correlation is adjusted by a factor for the number of tubes,
becoming for the Nth tube in the stack
( )
4
4
1
0
3
725 . 0
N
h
d T N
gh k
h
top
driving f
fg v f f f
cond
=

A

=

Splashing of the falling fluid further reduces heat transfer, so some
authors recommend a different adjustment
( )
6
4
1
0
3
725 . 0
N
h
d T N
gh k
h
top
driving f
fg v f f f
cond
=

A

=

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Condenser
The overall heat transfer coefficient for clean surface (U
c
) is given by
Considering the total fouling resistance, the heat transfer
coefficient for fouled surface (U
f
) can be calculated from the
following expression:
( C ) Variation Due to Condenser Heat Load:
Design Heat Load 238745.8 Kcal/hr
Actual Heat Load 290000 Kcal/hr
New CW Rise 10.73778
New LMTD 9.558772
ln T1/T2 1.123343
T1/T2 3.075117
Tsat 48.91232 Deg C
Back Press 0.12
Kg/SqC
mm
Loss in Vacuum 0.0167 KSC
Total loss in vacuum 0.01371 KSC Due to high CW temp,CW flow & High cond heat load
Total loss in vacuum 0.00299 KSC Due to tube fouling & air ingress
Total loss in vacuum 0.0167 KSC
OBSERVATION :
Reasons for low vacuum:-
1. Low cleanliness factor
2. Excess Air ingress
3. Increase in CW I / L temp
4. Excess condenser Load
5. Decrease in CW flow
6. Air Handling Equipment
Analysis:-
Low CF: High LMTD & TTD indicates poor heat transfer which may be due to dirty condenser tubes
and air blanketing of tubes
Air Ingress : Air ingress seems to be mesure factor for reduction in vacuum.
As it is observed that air depression temperature is around 10.38 deg C(measured by K type thermo couple
locally) against normal depression of 4 to 5 Deg C.
CW I/L Temp:- CW I/L temperature is 1 deg C above the design Temp.
Condenser Load:- High because of high steam flow.
CW flow:- CW flow is high to designed value, so the temperature rise in CW is 9 deg C.
CALCULATION :
(A) Variation Due to CW I/L Temp:
New Mean CW Temp 35.42 Deg C LMTD = (T1 - T2)
New LMTD 7.978177 Deg C ln (T1/T2)
ln T1/T2 1.108023 T1 = Tsat - Tin
T1/T2 3.028364 T2 = Tsat - Tout
Tsat 44.19819 Deg C
Back Press 0.10851 KSC
Loss in Vacuum 0.00521 KSC
(B) Variation Due to CW Flow :
New Temp Rise 8.230345 Deg C
New LMTD 7.593163 Deg C
ln T1/T2 1.083915
T1/T2 2.956231
Tsat 45.43759 Deg C
Back Press 0.0951 KSC
Loss in Vacuum -0.0082 KSC
Condenser
Energy audit
DESIGN DATA :
Design CW I/L Temp 33 Deg C
3
1
Cw Temp rise 8.84 Deg C
CW O/L Temp 41.84 Deg C
4
1
Cw flow Qty 27000 m3/hr
2
9
0
0
0
Cw velocity 1.808 m/sec
Cw side Pr. Drop 3.6 mWC
Cond. Back Pr. 76 mmHga
7
6
Barometric Pressure 740 mmHg
7
4
0
Back Press 0.1033 KSC
0
.
1
2
Saturation Temp 46.1 Deg C
Mean CW temp rise 37.42 Deg C
LMTD 7.87 Deg C
7
.
8
7
TTD 4.26 Deg C
Atm. Press 1.006 KSC
CONDENSER PERFORMANCE REPORT : UNIT-1
CONTROL ROOM DATA :
Date : 19.02.2004 10.00 Hr Actual Designed
Load 211 MW 210
Freq. 49.7 Hz 50
Cond. Vacuum 0.886 KSC 0.9
Cond Back Press 0.12 KSC 0.1033
Sat Temp 49.4 Deg C 46.1
LPT Exhaust Hood Temp 52 Deg C
CW Inlet Temp L / R 31 Deg C 33
CW O/L Temp L / R 41 Deg C 41.84
CW Flow 29000 m3/hr 27000
CW Dp L/R 0.52 / 0.54 KSC 3.6 mWC
Ejector Air Temp A/B 41.5 Deg C
LMTD 12.75 Deg C 7.87
TTD 8.4 Deg C 4.26
Air Depression Temperature 7.9 Deg C
Cooling water flow through the condenser will decrease if the
condenser tubes become fouled or if a large number of tubes are
plugged over a period of time. Any reduction in cooling water flow
would result in a higher cooling water temperature rise across the
condenser. But the same could also result from an increase in
condenser heat load, generally caused by passing of high-energy
drains. Water box priming should be continuously maintained so
that the condenser tubes run full and the water box differential
should be monitored.
Probable causes of low cleanliness factors are:
Tube fouling
Excessive air in leakage
Low levels in water boxes
These deviations could be corrected by starting an additional ejector or a
vacuum pump, eliminating the air-in-leakage, filling the water boxes, or
cleaning the condenser at the next available opportunity.
If the cleanliness factor is acceptable, but he condenser pressure is high,
possible causes include:
Excess condenser load
Low cooling water flow
Increase in CW inlet temperature (which could be either due to
changes in ambient conditions or problems with cooling tower performance)

These deviations could be corrected by increasing the CW flow (increasing
the opening of the inlet or outlet valves, starting an additional CCW pump,
cleaning the tube sheet, etc.), putting additional cooling tower in service, or
locating an eliminating the source of the additional heat load on the
condenser.
T in correction factor = correction factor for actual C. W inlet
temp (from HEI standard Appendix H table H.2)
Tube correction factor = correction factor for tube material and
tube wall gauge (from HEI standard Appendix H table H.3)]
Condensate Depression is calculated by subtracting the
Condensate Temperature from the steam temperature
corresponding to the condenser pressure:
Condensate Depression = Tsat -Condensate Temperature
The degree of sub cooling of the air/steam mixture (going to the
vacuum pumps/steam jets) is calculated by subtracting the
air/steam mixture temperature from the steam temperature
corresponding to the condenser pressure:
Air/steam Sub cooling = Tsat -Air/steam mixture temperature
Density of water = 1000 kg/ cu.m
Area condensing = (condensing surface area)
Tout -Tin
LMTD = --------------------- deg,C
Tsat -Tin
Ln -------------
Tsat -Tout
U theoretical = Ubase x Tin correction factor x tube
correction factor x 4.882428
Where:
U theoretical = Kcal/hr. sq. m . deg. C
Ubase = heat transfer coefficient in Btu/hr sq ft. At 70 deg.F
C.W inlet temp., 18 BWG and Admiralty Metal (from HEI standard
Appendix H table H.l)
2
m
Calculations:
Condenser Cleanliness factor (CF) is calculated to determine
the degree of tube fouling. The Heat Exchange Institute (HEI)
condenser cleanliness factor is a comparison of the as operating
thermal performance of the condenser to the as designed thermal
performance of the condenser with 100% clean tubes for a given
set of operating conditions. The cleanliness factor as defined
mathematically by HEI is given below.
CF = (U actual) / (U theoretical)

CCWF x Cp x (CCWTO -CCWTI) x Density of
water
U actual = --------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
A condensing x LMTD

Where:
Uactual = kcal/hr sq.m. C
Parameters to be Monitored:
CW Inlet Temperature - (Use RTD's at Intake of Condenser or
take readings from the Control room)
CW Outlet Temperature -(Use RTD's at Exhaust of condenser or
take readings from the Control room)
Condenser Vacuum -(Use Vacuum Gauge or Vacuum Pressure
Transmitter )
And for flow use Ultrasonic flow meter.
Condenser heat duty = (Heat Added MS + heat added by CRH -
860 (Pgen + Pgen Losses + Heat Loss rad.)
Condenser heat duty = 369.463*
860(169500+94+169.5)=369.463* 145.966* kcal/hr
= 223.497 Mkcals
Determination of cooling water flow rate
CW flow rate = condenser heat duty/Cp (Tout Tin). D
Where, condenser duty = 222.314 * kcal/hr
Cp = 1.0 kcal/kg
D = 1000kg/M3
Tout = 41.170C
Tin = 32.450C
Therefore CW flow = 223.497 * kcal/hr /(41.17 32.45) x
1000xCF
Where CF= Cleanness factor
= 25630/CF CMH (CF is always less than 1)

Compared to rated 27,000 CMH CW flow, the as run value of
over 25630 CMH flow indicates that CW flow is adequate.
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
10
HEAT ADDED BY MAIN STEAM

Main steam flow = 514.75 T/hr
(Since main steam flow is inclusive of Attemperation flow,
separate Attemperation quantity is not taken into account in heat
load calculation)
Steam pressure: 98.1 kg/cm2.g, steam temperature =523 0 c
HMS=822.32 kcal/kg, hFW =179.75 kcal/kg
Heat added MS=514.75(822.32-179.75) x1000 kcal/hr
=330762907.5 kcal/hr
a)HEAT ADDED CRH
Flow CRH = 0.99X 536.051T/H
= 530.69 T/H, [CRH steam flow is 99% of ms steam flow, h
CRH
= 741 kcal/kg ,
hCRH

= 813.93 kcal/kg
Heat added CRH = 530.69 (813.93-741) x1000 kcal/hr
= 38703221 kcal/hr
a)HEAT LOSS BY Pgen + Pgen Losses + Heat Loss radiation:
Heat Loss radiation = 0.1% of Pgen (Radiation Losses) kW
P
gen
=Gross gen output (KW)=169.5x1000=169500 KW
Radiation loss = 0.1/100(169500)=169.5 KW
Pgen Losses*= kW (Mech Losses + Iron Losses + Stator Current Losses)
No data is available for generator losses. Data from reliable source say that at 80%load
of generator the iron and copper loss is 0.094 MW. Here the generator loading is
169.5/210x100 or, 80.71%, so the expected loss is 0.094 MW. Pgen losses= 94 KW.


Sl no
Condenser Heat addition Items Mkcals/hr
1 Heat added by main steam 330.76
2 Heat added CRH 38.703
Total 369.463
HEAT ADDED BY MAIN STEAM

Main steam flow = 514.75 T/hr
(Since main steam flow is inclusive of Attemperation flow,
separate Attemperation quantity is not taken into account in heat
load calculation)
Steam pressure: 98.1 kg/cm2.g,
steam temperature =523 deg. c
HMS=822.32 kcal/kg, hFW =179.75 kcal/kg
Heat added MS=514.75(822.32-179.75) x1000 kcal/hr
=330762907.5 kcal/hr
HEAT ADDED BY MAIN STEAM

Main steam flow = 514.75 T/hr
(Since main steam flow is inclusive of Attemperation flow,
separate Attemperation quantity is not taken into account in heat
load calculation)
Steam pressure: 98.1 .g, steam temperature =523 deg,C

HMS=822.32 kcal/kg, hFW =179.75 kcal/kg

Heat added MS=514.75(822.32-179.75) x1000 kcal/hr
=330762907.5 kcal/hr
2
cm
kg

THERMAL LOAD ASSESSMENT
Condenser Duty = (Heat Added MS + Heat Added CRH + ) - 860 (Pgen + Pgen Losses + Heat Loss rad.)


Sl.
No.
Parameter Description
Where :
1. Condensed. Duty = kcal/hr
2. Heat Added MS = Flow MS (H
MS
- h
FW
) kcal/hr
3. Flow MS = kg/hr ( Flow Main Steam excluding SH Attemperation )
4. H
MS
= kcal/kg (Enthalpy of Main Steam)
5. h
FW
= kcal/kg (Enthalpy of Feed water)
6. Heat Added CRH = Flow CRH (hCRH - h
CRH
) kcal/h
7. Flow CRH = kg/hr Flow Cold Reheat Steam
8. hCRH = kcal/kg (Enthalpy of Hot Reheat Steam)
9. h
CRH
= kcal/kg (Enthalpy of Cold Reheat Steam)
10 Heat Loss rad = 0.1% of Pgen (Radiation Losses) kW
11 Pgen = kW (Gross Generator Output)
12 Pgen Losses* = kW (Mech Losses + Iron Losses + Stator Current Losses)
CONDENSER DESIGN DATA (source: Technical Diary)
Station: : 210 MW U # 4 :

DESCRIPTION UNITS VALUE
Unit Name Plate Rating DVC unit-IV-condenser
Type Twin shell design
Number of Passes Number 2
No passes of circulating water NUMBER 2
Heat Load Considered for Design Mkcals/hr 285.88
Consumption of cooling water M
3
/hr 2x13500
Pressure at turbine exhaust Kg/cm
2
.a 0.1
Tube Length Between Tube Plates meters 10
Total Number of Tubes Number 2x7810
Total number of blocked tubes Number 78(east side) and 77(west side)
ID of condenser tube mm 28
Tube Material Admiralty brass or cupronickel
90/10 depending upon cooling
water condition
Cooling surface area Sq.meter 2x7300
Cleanliness Factor % 85
Design pressure at tube and water boxes Kg/sq.cm.a 6
CW Temp. Rise
O
C 9
TTD at Design CW Flow & Inlet Temp.
O
C 3.4
ANNUAL BENEFITS
Condenser heat rate savings x unit generation
Annual heat savings (kCal) = -------------------------------------------------------------
Boiler efficiency
= (54 X 1337.166*X10
6
) / 0.7973 kcal
= 9.056X10
10
kcal / annum.


Annual heat (kcal) savings
Annual coal savings (MT) = -----------------------------------------------
1000 x GCV

= (9.056X10
10
) / (1000 x 4428) MT per annum

Annual Coal Savings = 20451 MT per annum.
Annual Rupee Savings = 20451 x Rs.1700 / MT of coal

= Rs. 347.667 Lacs per annum
JUSTIFIABLE INVESTMENT
Justifiable investment for 3 years simple payback period for O&M, R&M.
= Rs. 1043 Lacs.

Actual generation = 1225.736 MU
Therefore, projected annual Generation (2006-07) = 1225.736 x (12/11) MU
= 1337.166 MU
1.Cost Benefit Analysis of Encon Options as follows:

Scope of Condenser Vacuum improvement with better Condenser
performance





Basis:
Condenser heat rate savings margin = 54 Kcal / kWh
Annual unit generation = 1337.166* MU
Boiler efficiency = 79.73%
GCV of Coal = 4428 Kcal/Kg
Cost of Coal = Rs. 1700 per MT
The design backpressure with clean tubes at 33 deg C cooling
water inlet temperature = 92.11 mbar (with respect to 175 MW
load).
Saturation temperature predicted = 33 deg C + design cooling
water temperature drop + design TTD =
33 + 9 + 3.4 = 45.4 deg C.
Actual saturation temperature is 53.5 deg C and corresponding
back pressure 146.38 mbar.
As against design vacuum of 92.11 mbar at 175 MW unit
load, the as run value of 146.38 mbar indicates a major scope
area for improvement and heat rate reduction with a norm of 1
Kcal/kwh for 1 mbar, the scope for heat rate reduction works
out to 54 Kcal/Kwh. The fact that 3 CW pumps are operational
indicates adequacy of CW flow and the fact that both steam jet
ejectors are required to be operational indicates in-leakage and
fouling effects.
It is recommended to plan a major overhaul at the earliest, to
identify and bring out necessary improvements.
CW FLOW ADEQUACY:
The as-run differential pressure of 11.0 mWC across condenser
as against design value of 3.25 mWC may be on account of
higher CW flow and/or tube fouling/choking. Physical
inspection/overhauling may reveal problem areas. Based on
thermal load, CW flow has been assessed to be above 25630
CMH (Details are presented in Exhibit 2). This is also
substantiated by the fact that 3 CW pumps (each of 13,500 CMH
capacity) are operational.
CONDENSER VACUUM:
The condenser backpressure is well above the design condition
despite the CW inlet temperature being close to rated value.
Following analysis substantiates the observation.
CONDENSER EFFECTIVENESS:
The as-run effectiveness of condenser is 0.46, which is lower than
rated effectiveness of 0.72, indicating scope for improvement. This
performance drop is likely to be on account of tube fouling.



TTD (TERMINAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE):
The as-run TTD value of 11.5 Deg C as against rated value of
3.40C indicates significant scope for improvement.
Higher TTD is normally due to unclean tubes and/or less water
velocity
1. CONDENSER THERMAL LOAD
The condenser thermal load works out to 222.314 Mkcals/hr at a
unit load of 170 MW, whereas, the design thermal load is
285.822 Mkcals/hr at 210 MW, indicating that thermal load is
about 3.91% lower in comparison to pro-rata value.
The higher thermal load is impacted by loss of HP heaters 5, 6 & 7
from the turbine cycle since all the extraction steam will
manifest as additional load on condenser.
Rectification and Re-introduction of HP heater 5, 6 and 7 can help
to raise unit generation capability close to rating as, in case of
any increase of unit output in present circumstances, the
condenser may turn out to be a bottle neck.