ENTC 3320

Op Amp Review
Operational amplifiers (op-amps)
Circuit symbol of an op-amp



Widely used
Often requires 2 power supplies + V
Responds to difference between two signals

Ideal op-amp
Characteristics of an ideal op-amp
R
in
= infinity
R
out
= 0
A
vo
= infinity (A
vo
is the open-loop gain,
sometimes A or A
v
of the op-amp)
Bandwidth = infinity (amplifies all frequencies
equally)
Model of an ideal op-amp
Usually used with feedback
Open-loop configuration not used much
V
+
V

Vout = A(V
+
-V

)
+
-
+
-
I

I
+
Summary of op-amp behavior
Vout = A(V
+
- V

)
Vout/A = V
+
- V

Let A infinity
then,
V
+
- V

0
Summary of op-amp behavior
V
+
= V

I
+
= I

= 0
Seems strange, but the input terminals to an
op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
To analyze an op-amp circuit
Write node equations at + and - terminals (I
+
= I

= 0)
Set V
+
= V

Solve for V
out
Inverting configuration
Very popular circuit
Analysis of inverting
configuration
I
1
= (V
i
- V

)/R
1
I
2
= (V

- V
o
)/R
2
set I
1
= I
2
,
(V
i
- V

)/R
1
= (V

- V
o
)/R
2
but V

= V
+
= 0
V
i
/R
1
= -V
o
/R
2
Solve for V
o

Gain of circuit determined by external
components
I1
I2
V
o
/ V
i
= -R
2
/R
1

Summing Amplifier
V
1

V
2

V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
Current in R
1
, R
2
, and R
3
add to current in R
f
(V
1
-V

)/ R
1
+ (V
2
-V

)/ R
2
+ (V
3
-V

)/R
3
= (V

- V
o
)/ R
f

Set V

= V
+
= 0, V
1
/ R
1
+ V
2
/ R
2
+ V
3
/ R
3
= V
o
/ R
f

solve for V
o
,
This circuit is called a weighted
summer
V
o
= - R
f
(V
1
/ R
1
+ V
2
/ R
2
+ V
3
/ R
3
)
To analyze an op-amp circuit
Write node equations at + and - terminals (I
+
= I

= 0)
Set V
+
= V

Solve for V
out
Integrator
I
1
= (V
i
- V

)/R
1

I
2
=
set I
1
= I
2
,
(V
i
- V

)/R
1
=
but V- = V+ = 0
V
i
/R
1
=
Solve for Vo
Output is the integral of input
signal. CR1 is the time constant
I
1
I2
( )
dt
V V d
C
o

( )
dt
V V d
C
o

dt
dV
C
o

}
= dt v
C R
v
i o
1
1
Noninverting configuration
(0 - V

)/R
1
= (V

- V
o
)/R
2
But, V
i
= V
+
= V

,
(- V
i
)/ R
1
= (V
i
- V
o
)/R
2

Solve for V
o
,
(- V
i
)/R
1
- (-V
i
)/R
2
= (-V
o
)/R
2

V
i
(1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
) = (V
o
)/R
2
V
o
= V
i
(R
2
/R
1
+ R
2
/R
Vi
I
I
Vo = Vi(1+R2/R1)
Buffer amplifier
V
i
= V
+
= V

= V
o

Isolates input from
output
V
o
= V
i

Analyzing op-amp circuits
Write node equations
using:

V
+
= V

I
+
= I

= 0

Solve for Vout

Usually easier, can solve
most problems this way.

Write node equations
using:
op amp model.

Let A infinity
Solve for Vout


Works for every op-amp
circuit.


OR
Difference amplifier
Use superposition,
set V
1
= 0, solve for
Vo
(noninverting
amp)
set V
2
= 0, solve for
Vo
(inverting amp)

V
02
= (1 + R
2
/R
1
) [R
4
/(R
3
+R
4
)] V
2
V2 R4/(R3+R4)
Difference amplifier
V
01
= -(R
2
/R
1
)V
1
Difference amplifier
Add the two results
V
0
= V
01
+

V
02




If R
1
=

R
2
=

R
3
=

R
4


|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1
2
1
4 3
4
1
2
2
1
R
R
V
R R
R
R
R
V V
o
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1
2
1
1 1 V V V V V
o
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Design of difference amplifiers
For V
o
= V
2
- V
1
Set R
2
= R
1
= R, and set R
3
= R
4
= R

For V
o
= 3V
2
- 2V
1

Set R
1
= R, R
2
= 2R, then 3[R
4
/(R
3
+R
4
)] = 3
Set R3 = 0