NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

NITYA - 025
JAY KRISHNA 026
India is witnessing construction of very interesting projects in all sectors of
Infrastructure. High rise structures, under construction, include residential/commercial
blocks up to a height of 320 m and RC chimneys for thermal power stations extending
upwards up to 275m. Majority of the structures are in structural concrete. The
functional demands of such high rise structures include the use of durable materials.
High Strength Concrete, Selfcompacting Concrete are gaining widespread acceptance.
Apart from the basic structural materials, modern projects require a variety of
secondary materials for a variety of purposes such as construction chemicals,
waterproofing materials, durability aids etc.

INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CONCRETE

Ever since Thomas Edison patented Portland cement in 1907, it has been used for a
variety of different uses. Sidewalks, buildings, sinks, and furniture are but a few of the
products made from cement in the form of concrete. Cement is the dry powder that
when mixed with other additives and water makes concrete. Over the past decade, new
types of concrete and cement have been formulated that do everything from bend, to
grow plants, and let light through.






BENDABLE CONCRETE
LITRACON :
TECECO (porecocrete porous concrete)
ECO-CEMENT CARBONATION
BETAO ORGANICO
SPRAYED CONCRETE
SHOTCRETE
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE
GLASS CONCRETE
ASPHALT CONCRETE
RUBBERIZED CONCRETE
POLYMER CONCRETE




TYPES OF CONCRETE

The Use of Mineral Admixtures
After realization of the need for durable concrete structures, the composition of concrete has
undergone changes. From being a product made of three or four materials (cement, aggregates,
water), today a typical durable concrete consists of six or more materials. The use of low water
cement ratio enables a reduction in the volume and size of capillary voids in concrete; this alone is
not sufficient to reduce the cement based content of concrete which is the source of micro-
cracking from thermal shrinkage and drying shrinkage.
Admixtures
Pozzolans, such as fly ash and silica fume, are the most commonly used mineral admixtures in
high-strength concrete. These materials impart additional strength to the concrete by reacting with
portland cement hydration products to create additional C-S-H gel, the part of the paste
responsible for concrete strength.

ADMIXTURES
High Performance Concrete
In the United States, in response to widespread cracking of concrete bridge decks, the construction process
moved towards the use of High Performance Concrete (HPC) mixes. Four types of HPC were developed
.


High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFA)
The high volume fly ash concrete (HVFA) represents an emerging technology for highly durable and resource
efficient concrete structures.

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
The problems associated with the quality of fly ash do not exist in the case of Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag GGBFS, as the produce is necessarily the outcome of grinding to the required particle size. Thus
the use of GGBFS as a mineral admixture should be preferred, despite long leads for end users in certain
parts of India far from the steel plants

Condensed Silica Fume (CSF)
CSF is a by-product of Ferro-Silicon industry and at present an
imported product, easily available in the Indian market.

Photo-catalytic Cement
This is a patented Portland cement developed by Italcementi Group. The photo-catalytic components use
the energy from ultra-violet rays to oxidize most organic and some inorganic compounds

Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)
ICF structural elements allow maximum clear spans. The ICF elements are used for large commercial
buildings, residential buildings etc

Selfcuring, Shrinkage-free concrete
Italian researchers have produced a concrete by the combined use of
a water reducing admixture based on polycarboxylate in order to reduce both the mixing water and
cement.
A shrinkage reducing admixture
An expansive agent based on a special calcium oxide.




PERVIOUS CONCRETE:
Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines
concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high
porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from
precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the
runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge. Pervious concrete is
made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete paste
then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab.
PREVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete is sometimes specified by engineers and architects when porosity is
required to allow some air movement or to facilitate the drainage and flow of water
through structures.
Typically, between 15% and 25% voids are achieved in the hardened
concrete, and flow rates for water through pervious concrete are typically
around 480 in./hr (0.34 cm/s, which is 5 gal/ft/ min or 200 L/m/min),
although they can be much higher
Both the low mortar content and high porosity also reduce strength
compared to conventional concrete mixtures, but sufficient strength for
many applications is readily achieved.
Pervious concrete pavement is a unique and effective means to address
important environmental issues and support sustainable growth. By
capturing rainwater and allowing it to seep into the ground, porous
concrete is instrumental in recharging groundwater, reducing stormwater
runoff, and meeting US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) storm
water regulations.


Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas,
areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian
walkways, and greenhouses.

This pavement technology creates more efficient land use
by eliminating the need for retention ponds, swales,
and other storm water management devices.
In doing so, pervious concrete has the ability to
lower overall project costs on a first-cost basis.

The use of pervious concrete is among the Best Management Practices (BMPs) recommended by the
EPA, and by other agencies and geotechnical engineers across the country, for the management of
storm water runoff on a regional and local basis.


USES OF PREVIOUS CONCRETE
It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques
used by builders to protect water quality.
TIS & Partners has just unveiled a strong and surprisingly low-tech brick that
can be rapidly produced in disaster areas, and applied to the quick
construction of long lasting shelter. Since the bricks main component is
common sand they can be produce in quantity nearly anywhere.

The process of making the brick uses carbon dioxide to harden sand and a
binder to provide tensile strength.
In fact, the inventor claims the bricks are 2.5 times the tensile strength of
concrete in one day, meaning that the construction of walls would need much
less steel reinforcement and could be used immediately in emergency
constructions.
THE bricks are created using a very simple process: high silicon content sand is
put into an air tight mold that can be virtually any shape. CO2 is pumped into
the mold and bonds with the silica to make a solid brick-like material in less
than a minute at this point, the brick is very strong under lateral loads, but
still crumbles if stressed under tensile pressure.

NEW CO2 SAND BRICKS
The next step is to infuse the bricks with a binder such as epoxy or urethane. Bathing the
blocks in the binder creates a hardened block that has all the proper requirements for a strong
building component.

The bricks strength is 2.5 times that of concrete in less than 24 hours, which is critical for
emergency building and predicted to have a 50 year lifespan.

The finished bricks can also be more easily transported from where they are locally produce to
the building site, and thanks to their tensile strength, they can create walls that require little or
no added steel reinforcement. The product also has the promise of being a valuable way to
sequester carbon.
Sheet of Russian plywood, routed into a series of a series of triangular
tiles, held together by a vinyl mesh.
created was a skin that would allow us to focus on the structure and
would adapt to it, leaving the builder the total control with the flexibility
to change the forms at any moment during the whole process
The team have begun a collaboration
with Biffi carpentry in Milan; they
hope to investigate other possible
uses for the materials such as cladding
and flexible walls.
WOODEN SKIN