Gas Turbine Technologies

Gas Turbine Technologies

for Electric Generation
for Electric Generation
by
Rob Shepard, P.E.
www.Neel-Schaffer.com
rob.shepardneel-schaffer.com
2
Gas Turbine !asics

Gas Turbines

Types

How They Work

Applications

Components of Plant

Flow Paths

Operation
3
Gas Turbine "pplications

imple Cycle

Combine! Cycle

Co"eneration
#
Types of Gas Turbine Plants

imple Cycle

Operate When $eman! is Hi"h % Peak $eman!

Operate for hort & 'ariable Times

$esi"ne! for (uick tart)*p

+ot !esi"ne! to be ,fficient but -eliable

+ot Cost ,ffecti.e to /uil! for ,fficiency

Combine! Cycle

Operate for Peak an! ,conomic $ispatch

$esi"ne! for (uick tart)*p

$esi"ne! to ,fficient0 Cost),ffecti.e Operation

Typically Has Ability to Operate in C 1o!e

2

The ener"y containe! in a flowin" i!eal "as

is the sum of enthalpy an! kinetic ener"y3

Pressuri4e! "as can store or release

ener"y3 As it e5pan!s the pressure is
con.erte! to kinetic ener"y3
Principles of
#peration

Open Cycle
Also referre! to as simple cycle6
$in% to picture
7
!rayton &ycle ' Gas Turbine &ycle
8
Thermodynamic (undamentals

Pressure -atio 9
CT Components
:
&ombustion or Gas Turbine
;
Principles of #peration
Compressor

As air flows into the compressor0 ener"y is transferre! from its

rotatin" bla!es to the air3 Pressure an! temperature of the air
increase3

1ost compressors operate in the ran"e of 82< to :2< efficiency3

Combustor

The purpose of the combustor is to increase the ener"y store! in

the compressor e5haust by raisin" its temperature3
Turbine

The turbine acts like the compressor in re.erse with respect to

ener"y transformation3

1ost turbines operate in the ran"e of :=< to ;=< efficiency3

>=
Principles of #peration
#)erall Energy Transformations *Thermal Efficiency+

*seful Work ? ,ner"y release! in turbine minus ener"y absorbe! by

compressor3

The compressor re@uires typically appro5imately 2=< of the ener"y release! by
the turbine3

O.erall Thermal ,fficiency ?

*seful Work&Fuel Chemical ,ner"y A>==
Typical o.erall thermal efficiencies of a combustion turbine are 2=< ) #=<3
>>
Gas Turbine "pplications

imple Cycle
CO1P-,O- T*-/B+,
CO1/*TO-
G,+,-ATO-
B+C,T AB- ,DHA*T GA
$in% to picture
>2
Simple &ycle Power Plant
,estinghouse -./0- ' 12. 3,
>3
&ombined &ycle Power Plant
>#
Combine! Cycle Plant $esi"n
GT P-O >33= $rew Wo4niak
>2>2 >=)>3)2==# 23E28E3> file?CEFTflow>3F1GFBC,F3P = 8=3"tp

+et Power ;2;2; kW
CH' Heat -ate 88=2 /T*&kWh
pHpsiaI0 THFI0 1HkpphI0 team PropertiesE Thermoflow ) T(*BJ
#38>8 m
Fo""er
>D G, 72:>/ 2 D GT
338:> kW
>232# p
;= T
3= <-H
;## m
#328 ft ele.3
>233; p
7: T
;#:38 m
+atural "as >:32: m
;7 T 88 T
CH' 37;78> k/T*&h
>#;32 p
7:# T
>#332 p
2=82 T
;7833 m
>23;3 p
>=3# T
>;3#37 1
833:2 <+2
>3323 <O2
33233 <CO2KO2
:3#;8 <H2O
=3::;# <Ar
>=3> T
>;3#37 1
>=3> :;8 27; 27: 23: 23# #:> #>; 327 27:
27: T
>;3#37 1
3=:>3 kW
=3>2;7 1
FW
>37;# p
>2= T
2223> 1
>2= T
+atural "as
= 1
>22 T
2;237 1
>22 T
>83>; p
22= T

2
;
3
2
:

1
>83>; p
22= T
2;372 1
CP/

2
;
3
7
2

1

2
;
2
3
7

1
2=337 p
383 T
2;237 1
BP,2
2=337 p
3:3 T
37382 1
BP/
>;;38 p
#7= T
37382 1
BP>
>;23: p
2== T
37382 1
BP2
;2#32 p
#82 T
22>3> 1
HP,2
;>=32 p
223 T
22>3> 1
HP,3
;>=32 p
233 T
2#:37 1
HP/>
:8;3: p
;2# T
2#:37 1
HP3
:2= p
;2= T
2#:37 1

:
8
;
3
:

p

;
2
#

T
73:; 1
>:3 p 382 T 8= 1 '#
27337 1
>
;
2
3
:

p

2
;
8

T
':
73:; 1
>2
Gas Turbine &omponents
&ompressor ' &ombustor - Turbine
>7
Gas Turbine &omponents 4 Systems *cont5d+

Combustion ystem

ilo0 Cannular0 Annular

Water0 team0 $C+

Turbine

1ultiple haft0 in"le

haft

+umber of ta"es

1aterial an!
1anufacturin"
Processes

,5haust ystem

imple Cycle tack

Transition to H-G

Generator

Open)Air coole!

T,WAC

Hy!ro"en Coole!

tartin" ystems

$iesel

1otor

tatic
Paper Towel thru
compressor
>8
&ombustion Turbine (uels

Con.entional Fuels

+atural Gas

Ci@ui! Fuel Oil

+oncon.entional Fuels

Cru!e Oil

-efinery Gas

Propane

ynthetic Fuels

Chemical Process

Physical Process
>:
GE &ombustion Turbine &omparisons
>;

A!.ance! Hea.y)$uty *nits

A!.ance! Aero!eri.ati.e *nits

Gas Turbine Types
2=
Gas Turbine 3a6or Sections

"ir 7nlet

&ompressor

&ombustion System

Turbine

E8haust

Support Systems
2>
Gas Turbine !arrier 7nlet (ilter Systems
22
Gas Turbine Pulse 7nlet (ilter System
23
7nlet Guide 9anes
2#
7nlet Guide 9anes
22
Gas Turbine &ompressor Rotor "ssembly
27
:! Gas Turbine
28
Gas Turbine &ut "way Side 9iew
2:
Gas Turbine &ombustor "rrangement
2;
(rame - GT
3=
GE $3;-.. "eroderi)ati)e Gas Turbine
Compressor
Compressor
Turbine
ection
Power
Turbine
ection
3>
(T2 Gas Turbine
32
(T2 Gas Turbine ' Gas Generator *&ompressor+
33
(T2 Gas Turbine ' Gas Generator *&ompressor+
3#
(T2 Gas Turbine ' (ree Turbine
32
(T2 Gas Turbine ' (ree Turbine Gas Path
37
(T2 Gas Generator Performance
38
(T2 (ree Turbine Performance
3:
"eroderi)ati)e 9ersus <ea)y 0uty &ombustion
Turbines

Aero!eri.ati.es

Hi"her Pressure -atios an! Firin" Temperatures -esult

in Hi"her Power Output per Poun! of Air Flow

maller Chillin"&Coolin" ystems -e@uire!

Compressor Bnlet Temperature Has a Greater Bmpact on

Output an! Heat -ate

/enefits of Chillin"&Coolin" ystems are 1ore

Pronounce!
3;
Typical Simple &ycle &T Plant &omponents

Prime 1o.er LCombustion Turbine6

Fuel upply 9 Preparation

,missions Control ,@uipment

Generator

,lectrical witch"ear

Generator tep *p Transformer

tartin" ystem LCombustion Turbines6

Au5iliary Coolin"

Fire Protection

Cubrication ystem
#=
Typical Pea%ing Plant &omponents
Cube Oil ystem G* Generator
Fire Protection tartin" ,n"ine witch"ear & 1CC
#>
&ombining the !rayton and Ran%ine &ycles

Gas Turbine ,5haust use! as the heat source for the team
Turbine cycle

*tili4es the maMor efficiency loss from the /rayton cycle

A!.anta"esE

-elati.ely short cycle to !esi"n0 construct 9 commission

Hi"her o.erall efficiency

Goo! cyclin" capabilities

Fast startin" an! loa!in"

Cower installe! costs

+o issues with ash !isposal or coal stora"e

$isa!.anta"es

Hi"h fuel costs

*ncertain lon" term fuel source

Output !epen!ent on ambient temperature

#2
Picture courtesy of Nooter/Eriksen Picture courtesy of Nooter/Eriksen
<ow does a &ombined &ycle Plant ,or%=
#3
&ombined &ycle <eat !alance
##
&ombined &ycles Today

Plant ,fficiency N 2:)7= percent

/i""est losses are mechanical input to the compressor an! heat in the
e5haust

team Turbine output

Typically 2=< of the "as turbine output

1ore with !uct)firin"

+et Plant Output L*sin" Frame si4e "as turbines6

up to 82= 1W for 3 on > confi"uration

*p to 22= 1W for 2 on > confi"uration

Construction time about 2# months

,n"ineerin" time :=k to >3=k labor hours

,n"ineerin" !uration about >2 months

Capital Cost LO;==)O>>==&kW6

Two L26 .ersus Three L36 Pressure $esi"ns

Car"er capacity units utili4e the a!!itional !rums to "ain efficiency at

the e5pense of hi"her capital costs
#2
&ombined &ycle Efficiency

imple cycle efficiency Lma5 N ##<A6

Combine! cycle efficiency Lma5 N2:)7=<A6

Correlatin" ,fficiency to Heat -ate L/ritish *nits6

? 3#>2&LHeat -ate6 ))P 3#>2& ? Heat -ateA

imple cycle % 3#>2&3## ? 80828 /tu&JwhA

Combine! cycle % 3#>2&32: ? 20::# /tu&JwhA

Correlatin" ,fficiency to Heat -ate LB *nits6

? 37==&LHeat -ate6 ))P 37==& ? Heat -ateA

imple cycle % 37==&3## ? :0>:2 JQ&JwhA

Combine! cycle % 37==&32: ? 702=8 JQ&JwhA

Practical 'alues

HH' basis0 net output basis

imple cycle 8FA Lnew an! clean6 >=0:7= /tu&Jwh L>>0#28 JQ&Jwh6

Combine! cycle 25> 8FA Lnew an! clean6 702>: /tu&Jwh L7027= JQ&Jwh6
AGross CH' basis
#7
Gas Turbine Generator Performance
Factors that Bnfluence Performance

Fuel Type0 Composition0 an! Heatin" 'alue

Coa! L/ase0 Peak0 or Part6

Compressor Bnlet Temperature

Atmospheric Pressure

Bnlet Pressure $rop

'aries si"nificantly with types of air cleanin"&coolin"

,5haust Pressure $rop

Affecte! by a!!ition of H-G0 C-0 CO catalysts

team or Water BnMection -ate

*se! for either power au"mentation or +O

5
control

-elati.e Humi!ity
#8
"ltitude &orrection
#:
<umidity &orrection
#;
&ogeneration Plant

A Co"eneration Plant

Power "eneration facility that also pro.i!es

thermal ener"y Lsteam6 to a thermal host3

Typical thermal hosts

paper mills0

chemical plants0

refineries0 etcR

potentially any user that uses lar"e @uantities of

steam on a continuous basis3

Goo! applications for combine! cycle plants

-e@uire both steam an! electrical power

2=
3a6or &ombined &ycle Plant E>uipment

Combustion Turbine LCT&CTG6

team Generator L/oiler&H-G6

team Turbine LT&TG6

Heat -eMection ,@uipment

Air (uality Control ystem LA(C6 ,@uipment

,lectrical ,@uipment
2>
<eat Reco)ery Steam Generator *<RSG+
22
Steam Turbine
GE D11
23
ame Function as
!iscusse! earlier in
ession ;

*sually utili4es a
coolin" tower to
reMect heat to the
atmosphere

-arely uses once

throu"h coolin"
Lretrofit applications
or ocean6
<eat Re6ection E>uipment - &ondenser
2#
(uestionsS
Rob Shepard
Neel-Schaffer, 7nc.
www.Neel-Schaffer.com
rob.shepardneel-schaffer.com