IRIS RECOGNITION

INTRODUCTION TO
BIOMETRICS


The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio
(life) and metric (to measure).


Biometrics comprises methods for uniquely recognizing
humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or
behavioral traits.


In computer science, in particular, biometrics is used as a
form of identity access management and access control.


It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under
surveillance.



WHY BIOMETRICS?
Greater degree of security over traditional
authentication methods

Accountability - who/when/what

Fraud detection

Convenience

Cost savings/reduced risk of financial loss

History Of Biometrics
The first known example of biometrics in practice
was a form of finger printing being used in China
in the 14th century

In the 1890s, an anthropologist named Alphonse
Bertillion sought to fix the problem of identifying
convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a
distinct field of study

After this, the police used finger printing, which
was developed by Richard Edward Henry of
Scotland Yard
Two main classes of biometric
characteristics

Physiological are related to the shape of the
body. Examples include, but are not limited to
fingerprint, face recognition, DNA, Palm print,
hand geometry, iris recognition, which has
largely replaced retina, and odour/scent.


Behavioral are related to the behavior of a
person. Examples include, but are not limited to
typing rhythm, gait, and voice. Some researchers
have coined the term behaviometrics for this
class of biometrics.

BIOMETRICS! How It Works?

Biometrics which analyze the complex and unique
characteristics of the eye can be divided into two different
fields:


iris biometrics - iris is the colored band of tissue that
surrounds the pupil of the eye.

retina biometrics - retina is the layer of blood vessels at
the back of the eye.


Iris scan biometrics employs the unique characteristics and
features of the human iris in order to verify the identity of
an individual.


Iris (anatomy)
The iris (plural: irides, or rarely, irises) is a thin,
circular structure in the eye, responsible for
controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and
thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
"Eye color" is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue,
or brown. In some cases it can be hazel (a combination of
light brown, green and gold) or grey
Understanding Iris Recognition


The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or
colored circle, usually brown or blue, rings the dark pupil of
the eye.


Iris recognition systems use small, high-quality cameras to
capture a black and white high-resolution photograph of the
iris.


This process takes only one to two seconds and provides
the details of the iris that are mapped, recorded and stored
for future matching/verification


Once the image is captured, the iris elastic connective
tissue called the trabecular meshwork is analyzed,
processed into an optical fingerprint, and translated into a
digital form.


Given the stable physical traits of the iris, this technology is
considered to be one of the safest, fastest, and most
accurate, noninvasive biometric technologies.


The iris is differentiated by several characteristics including
ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles,
and a zigzag collarette.


AN IRIS REGONITION
PROCESS
An iris-recognition algorithm .i.e. Daugman's algorithms
,first has to identify the approximately concentric circular
outer boundaries of the iris and the pupil in a photo of an
eye
The set of pixels covering only the iris is then transformed
into a bit pattern that preserves the information that is
essential for a statistically meaningful comparison.
In the case of Daugman's algorithms, a Gabor
wavelet transform is used in order to extract the spatial
frequency range that contains a good best signal-to-noise
ratio considering the focus quality of available cameras



The result is a set of complex numbers that carry local
amplitude and phase information for the iris image


In Daugman's algorithms, all amplitude information is
discarded, and the resulting 2048 bits that represent an iris
consist only of the complex sign bits of the Gabor domain
representation of the iris image


Discarding the amplitude information ensures that the
template remains largely unaffected by changes in
illumination and virtually negligibly by iris color, which
contributes significantly to the long-term stability of the
biometric template
AN IRIS READER


The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan
algorithm which maps the iris distinct patterns and
characteristics.



Iris are composed before birth and, except in the event of
an injury to the eyeball, remain unchanged throughout an
individuals lifetime.



Iris patterns are extremely complex, carry an astonishing
amount of information and have over 200 unique spots.


The fact that an individuals right and left eyes are different
and that patterns are easy to capture, establishes iris-scan
technology as one of the biometrics that is very resistant to
false matching and fraud



The false acceptance rate for iris recognition systems is 1 in
1.2 million, statistically better than the average fingerprint
recognition system.




The real benefit is in the false-rejection rate, a measure of
authenticated users who are rejected.


Fingerprint scanners have a 3 percent false-
rejection rate, whereas iris scanning systems
boast rates at the 0 percent level



The iris-scan systems test for a live eye by
checking for the normal continuous fluctuation in
pupil size.
Spoofing the Iris



The iris is extremely difficult trait to spoof, yet there have
been attempts to do just that


Attacks on the iris fall into the following categories:

Attacking the physical iris
Using artfacts
Attacking the communication
Compromising the template
Attacking the fallback system
Advantages of the Iris for
Identification



Highly protected, internal organ of the eye

Externally visible; patterns imaged from a distance

Iris patterns possess a high degree of randomness

Limited genetic pentrance of iris patterns

Patterns apparently stable throughout life

Encoding and decision-making are tractable
Disadvantages of the Iris for
Identification

Small target (1 cm) to acquire from a distance (1
m)
Moving target ...within another
Located behind a curved, wet, reflecting surface
Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections
Partially occluded by eyelids, often drooping
Deforms non-elastically as pupil changes size
Illumination should not be visible or bright
Some negative (Orwellian) connotations

APPLICATIONS
Logging into the computer system

Physical Access Systems

Bank vaults, server rooms, control tower

Military installations, power plants, high-
end security applications

United Arab Emirates [UAE]:-
Today, all of the UAE's land, air and sea ports of entry are
equipped with systems.
All foreign nationals who possess a visa to enter the UAE are
processed through iris cameras installed at all primary and
auxiliary immigration inspection points.
To date, the system has apprehended over 330,000 persons re-
entering the UAE with fraudulent travel documents.


Pakistan:-
Iris recognition technology has been implemented by BioID
Technologies SA in Pakistan for UNHCR repatriation project to
control aid distribution for Afghan refugees
To make sure people do not get paid more than once, their irises
are scanned, and the system will detect the refugees on next
attempt. The database has more than 1.3 million iris code
templates and around 4000 registrations per day.
Future Work
Throughout the development the focus was on
producing a software capable of fast, consistent
and reliable iris recognition.


There are other possible routes for extension and
exploration within the project


Eyelashes/Eyelids:-
In some images eyelashes can obstruct a part of
the iris, detection and removal of this difficulty
can further enhance the process of iris
recognition.
Vineet Vinod-517
Gautam Malhotra-519
Vidya Moolya-521
Prateek Thakur-524
Made By:-