KONSTRUKSI BAJA II

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG
SEMARANG
2013
SYLABUS
Analisis dan disain batang tekan
prismatis, batang tekan dan lentur.
Bahaya tekuk dan lipat batang tekan.
Kolom komposit.
Stabilitas balok lentur, stabilitas pelat
baja.
Analisis dan disain struktur plat girder,
penggunaan pada : jembatan kereta
Perencanaan kuda-kuda baja : bentuk
rangka, pembebanan, ikatan angin,
gording batang tekan dan tarik, sistem
sambungan.
Konsep dasar perencanaan baja plastis

INTRODUCTION
PROFIL BAJA
Zora Vrcelj, UNSW
The Benefit of Steel Material as
a Construction Material
Economic
Ductile
Hot rolled into standards shapes
Easily fabricated by welding
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DUCTILITY
The most important material characteristic of steel is its
ductility.

Ductility allows very large strains to develop with
increase in stress, prior to failure.

The advantages of ductility are:
It can give prior warning of future failure
It allows energy absorption in dynamic loading or in
resisting brittle fracture
It allows for redistribution of actions, which is usually
favorable
N.B At present, in achieving a ductile stress -strain curve it requires
the yield stress fy to be less than 450 MPa. The yield stress is also
called the Grade of the steel, i.e. Grade 350 steel has fy = 350
MPa
Zora Vrcelj, UNSW
Stress-Strain Curve
Idealised stress-strain relationship for
structural steel
The same stress-strain curve is assumed in compression,
but we shall see that buckling of members and elements in
compression
usually prevents high strains from being realised
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Yielding under Biaxial
Stresses
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Typical Steel Fabrication
Hot rolling
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Steel
Structural
Sections
Hot-Rolled Sections.
Cold Formed Sections.
Built-Up Sections.
7
Steel Structure Sections

Hot-Rolled Sections.
W
(a) Wide-flange
Shape
S
(b) American
Standard
Beam
C
(c) American
Standard
Channel
L
(d) Angle
WT or ST
(e) Structural
Tee
(f) Pipe
Section
(g) Structural
Tubing
(h) Bars (i) Plates
a Wide-flange : W 18 97
b Standard (I) : S 12 35
c Channel : C 9 20
d Angles : L 6 4
e Structural Tee : WT, MT or ST e.g. ST 8 76
f & g Hollow Structural Sections HSS : 9 or 8 8
8
Cold Formed Sections
(a) Channels (b) Zees (c) I-shaped double channels
(d) Angles (e) Hat sections
9
Built-Up Sections.
Built-up (W) shapes.
Built-up (C) Channels.
Built-up (L) Angles.
10
Tension Members.
(a) Round and rectangular
bars, including eye bars
and upset bars.
(b) Cables composed
of many small wires.
(c) Single and double
angles.
(d) Rolled W and S
sections.
(e) Structural
tee.
(f) Build-up box
sections.
Perforated
plates
11
Compression Members.
(a) Rolled W-and S-
sections.
(c) Structural
tee.
(b) Double
angles.
(e) Pipe
section
(d) Structural
tubing
(f) Built-up section
12
(a) Rolled W-and
other I-shaped
sections.
(c) open web joist.
(b) Build-up
Sections.
(f) Built-up members
Bending Members.
(d) Angle
(e) Channel (g) Composite steel-Concrete
13
Frames




FRAMES

FRAME IDEALISATION
Reduction of 3-D framework to plane frames
FLOOR BEAMS PROFILES
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LOADS
LOADS
SUCCESSFULL STRUCTURE
Functional requirements set by client
SAFETY consider for whole building life
including construction period (STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS)
Aesthetic satisfaction set by architects
Economy Capital cost is not just the
structural component but financing and
construction speed /maintenance costs can
effect long term life cycle costing.

Zora Vrcelj, UNSW

Working Stress Design (Allowable Stress Design),
widely known as (ASD) used for over 100 years.

Limited States Design (Load & Resistance Factor Design),
also known as (LRFD) first introduced in 1986.

A limit state means A set of conditions at which a
structure ceases to fulfill its intended function.

Two types of limit states exist, these are:
- Safety (Strength).
- Serviceability (Deformation).
A)
B)
14
DESIGN APPROACH
Based on on limit state design
Serviceability limit state, concerned
with , function:
Deflection (avoiding excessive cracking or bending)
Vibration
- Strength limit states, Ultimate limit
state concerned with collapse:
Yielding
Buckling
Overturning

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Assume load effects on structures = Q
Assume Resistance to these loads = R

Establishing frequency distribution for (Q) & (R):
Thus always R
m
> Q
m
, and the ratio of R/Q defines the Factor of
Safety, such:
= Factor of Safety (F.S.).
R
Q
Frequency distribution of load Q and resistance R.
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Resistance R, Load Q
15
Allowable Stress Design (ASD):
suppose AR is the reduction in resistance.
suppose AQ is the increase in loading.
( )
( )
67 . 1
85 . 0
4 . 1
15 . 0 1
4 . 0 1
1
1
. .
1 1
= =

+
=

+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
A

A + = A
A
A
R
R
Q
Q
Q
R
S F
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
Q Q R R
Load & Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)
1.4 D = 0.90 R (First load case)
1.56 D = R LRFD
F.S. = R/D = 1.56 LRFD, compared to:
F.S. = R/Q = 1.67 ASD
17
Limit State Design
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ASTM (A33) Steel with Fy = 33 ksi up to 1960.
Today steel offer wide choice of yield from 25 ksi upto 100 ksi,
among other different characteristics. The majority of construction
steels are grouped under the following main groups:
A) Carbon Steels:
low carbon [C < (0.15%)]
mild carbon [0.15% < C< 0.3%] such as A-36, A-53.
medium carbon [0.3% C < 0.6%] A-500, A-529.
high carbon [0.6% < C < 1.7%] A-570

B) High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels:
Having Fy 40 ksi to 70 ksi, may include chromium,
copper, manganese, nickel in addition to carbon.
e.g. A-242, A-441 and A-572.
18
C) Alloy Steels:
These alloy steels which are quenched and tampered
to obtain Fy > 80 ksi. They do not have a well defined
yield point, and are specified a yield point by the offset
method, examples are A-709, A-852and A-913.
Typical stress-strain
Relations
for various steels:
19
A) Carbon Steel Bolts (A-307):
These are common non-structural fasteners with
minimum tensile strength (Fu) of 60 ksi.

B) High Strength Bolts (A-325):
These are structural fasteners (bolts) with low carbon,
their ultimate tensile strength could reach 105 ksi.

C) Quenched and Tempered Bolts (A-449):
These are similar to A-307 in strength but can be
produced to large diameters exceeding 1.5 inch,
20
D) Heat Treated Structural Steel Bolts (A-490):
These are in carbon content (upto 0.5%)
and has other alloys. They are quenched and
re-heated (tempered) to 900
o
F.
The minimum yield strength (Fy) for these bolts
ranges from 115 ksi upto 130 ksi.
21
REVIEW ON COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Compression Members
Structural elements that are subjected
only to axial compressive forces
(columns, truss members, or bracing
systems, etc)
Smaller compression members are
sometimes referred to as struts.
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Type of Failure
A long, slender column becomes
unstable when its axial compressive
load reaches a value called the critical
buckling load.
For extremely stocky members, failure
maybe by compressive yielding rather
than buckling.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Column:
elastic bucking load
effective length factor
First order (linear, no P-o effects)
Second order (nonlinear, P-o effects)
Analysis Method:
BCN 3431 Steel Design
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
P
u
|
c
P
n
P
u
|
c
A
g
F
cr

P
u
= sum of factored loads
P
n
= nominal compressive strength
F
cr
= critical buckling stress
|
c
= resistance factor for compression
members = 0.85

Local buckling
LOCAL BUCKLING
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Local Stability
If the elements of the cross section
are so thin that local buckling occurs,
the strength corresponding to any
buckling mode cannot be developed.
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Local Stability
If the shape has any slender element (b/t or
h/t
w
greater than the specified limits of AISC
B5), the compressive design strength must
be reduced.
In most cases, however, a rolled shape that
satisfies the AISC width-thickness
requirements can be found, and this
procedure will not be necessary.

BCN 3431 Steel Design
Wide Flange Shape
PT. GUNUNG GARUDA


Type
Type
Designation
H X B t
1
t
2
r
Cross
Section
Weight
Moment of
Inertia
Section Modulus
Ix Iy Zx Zy
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm
2
) (kg/m) (cm
4
) (cm
4
) (cm
3
) (cm
3
)
GG-WFS-01 100 x 100 100 x 100 6 8 10 21.9 17.2 383 134 76.5 26.7
GG-WFS-02 125 x 125 125 x 125 6.5 9 10 30.31 23.8 847 293 136 47
GG-WFS-03 150 x 75 150 x 75 5 7 8 17.85 14 666 49.5 88.8 13.2
GG-WFS-04 150 x 100 148 x 100 6 9 11 26.84 21.1 1020 151 138 30.1
GG-WFS-05 150 x 150 150 x 150 7 10 11 40.14 31.5 1640 563 219 75.1
GG-WFS-06 175 x 175 175 x 175 7.5 11 12 51.21 40.2 2880 984 330 112
GG-WFS-07 200 x 100 198 x 99 4.5 7 11 23.18 18.2 1580 114 160 23
GG-WFS-08 200 x 100 200 x 100 5.5 8 11 27.16 21.3 1840 134 184 26.8
GG-WFS-09 200 x 200 200 x 200 8 12 13 63.53 49.9 4720 1600 472 160
GG-WFS-10 250 x 125 248 x 124 5 8 12 32.68 25.7 3540 255 285 41.1
GG-WFS-11 250 x 125 250 x 125 6 9 12 37.66 29.6 4050 294 324 47
GG-WFS-12 250 x 250 250 x 250 9 14 16 92.18 72.4 10800 3650 867 292
GG-WFS-13 300 x 150 298 x 149 5.5 8 13 40.8 32 6320 442 424 59.3
GG-WFS-14 300 x 150 300 x 150 6.5 9 13 46.78 36.7 7210 508 481 67.7
GG-WFS-15 300 x 300 300 x 300 10 15 18 119.8 94 20400 6750 1360 450
GG-WFS-16 350 x 175 346 x 174 6 9 14 52.68 41.4 11100 792 641 91
GG-WFS-17 350 x 175 350 x 175 7 11 14 63.14 49.6 13600 984 775 112
GG-WFS-18 350 x 350 350 x 350 12 19 20 173.9 137 40300 13600 2300 776
GG-WFS-19 400 x 200 396 x 199 7 11 16 72.16 56.6 20000 1450 1010 145
GG-WFS-20 400 x 200 400 x 200 8 13 16 84.1 66 23700 1740 1190 174
GG-WFS-21 400 x 400 400 x 400 13 21 22 218.7 172 66600 22400 3330 1120
GG-WFS-22 450 x 200 450 x 200 9 14 18 96.8 76 33500 1870 1490 187
GG-WFS-23 500 x 200 500 x 200 10 16 20 114.2 89.6 47800 2140 1910 214
GG-WFS-24 600 x 200 600 x 200 11 17 22 134.4 106 77600 2280 2590 228
GG-WFS-25 600 x 300 588 x 300 12 20 28 192.5 151 118000 9020 4020 601
GG-WFS-26 700 x 300 700 x 300 13 24 28 235.5 185
20100
0
10800 5760 722
GG-WFS-27 800 x 300 800 x 300 14 26 28 267.4 210
29200
0
11700 7290 782
Notes:
1. According JIS 1993
2. Tensile Strength : 400 -
510 N/mm
2


Type
Type
Designation
H X B t
1
t
2
r
Cross
Section
Weight
Moment of
Inertia
Section Modulus
Ix Iy Zx Zy
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm
2
) (kg/m) (cm
4
) (cm
4
) (cm
3
) (cm
3
)
SK SNI 07 0329 - 2005
Lateral buckling
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Critical Buckling Stress
For
c
> 1.5 F
cr
= (0.877 /
c
2
) F
y

For
c
< 1.5 F
cr
= (
0.658

c
2
) F
y

c
= (KL / r) F
y
/ E

c
= slenderness parameter
KL/r = slenderness ratio
KL = effective length
r = radius of gyration

BCN 3431 Steel Design
Critical Buckling Stress
These equations are based on
experimental and theoretical studies
that account for the effect of residual
stresses and initial out-of-straightness
of L/1500.
Maximum suggested slenderness ratio
is 200.
BCN 3431 Steel Design
LATERAL BUCKLING
DIFFERENCES ON CODES
FB = Flexural Buckling
BCN 3431 Steel Design
Effective Length
If a compression member is supported
differently with respect to each of its
principal axes, the effective length will
be different for the two directions, and
the larger slenderness ratio should be
used for the determination of F
cr
.
Effective length factor isolated column
Some standard cases are given below (Trahair & Bradford,
1998):
L is the column length;
k
e
is the EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR
For column design or checking we generally use
the effective length L
e

L k L
e e
=
SLENDERNESS RATIO
N
E
L
l
N
E
l
l
L
N
E
l
L
N
E
l
L
N
E
l
L
2
2
L
EI
N
E
t
=
2
2
4
L
EI
N
E
t
=
2
2
2
L
EI
N
E
t
=
2
2
4
L
EI
N
E
t
=
2
2
4L
EI
N
E
t
=
L l = 2 / L l = L l 7 . 0 = 2 / L l = L l 2 =
Theoretical
k
e
1.0

0.5

0.7

0.5

2.0

AS4100
k
e
1.0

0.5

0.85

0.7

2.2

Effective length factor isolated
column
SK SNI
BCN 3431 Steel Design
REFERENCES :
Brockenbrough, RL., Johnson, C., 1981, Steel Design
Manual, USS Corporation
Bresler. B, Lin.T.Y., Scaizi,JB., Design of Steel
Structure, 2
nd
ed, John Wiley& Son, Inc. New York,
1968
Yayasan Lembaga Penyelidikan Masalah Bangunan,
Peraturan Perencanaan Bangunan Baja Indonesia (
PPBBI ), 1984
Salmon, Charles G., & Johnson, John E.,
Wira,M,S,C.E, Struktur Baja, Disain dan Perilaku,
Erlangga, Jakarta, 1991
Bowles, Josep. E & Silaban Ph.D, Pantur, Disain Baja
Konstruksi ( Structural Steel Design ), Erlangga
Jakarta, 1985
Amon, Rene & Knobloch, Bruce, Mazunder, Atanu,
Perencanaan Konstruksi Baja untuk Insinyur dan
Arsitek I, II, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, 1988
Gunawan,dkk, Konstruksi baja I dan II, Delta Teknik,
Jakarta