1.

1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission require !or reprouction or isplay.
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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term
The term
telecommunication
telecommunication
means communication at a
means communication at a
distance. The word
distance. The word
data
data
refers to information presented
refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
and using the data.
Data communications
Data communications
are the
are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
Topics discussed in this section:
Topics discussed in this section:
1.#
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
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Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex
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1-2 NETWORKS
1-2 NETWORKS
!
!
networ"
networ"
is a set of devices (often referred to as
is a set of devices (often referred to as
nodes
nodes


connected by communication
connected by communication
lin"s
lin"s
. ! node can be a
. ! node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and#or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
and#or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
networ".
networ".
Distributed Processing
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Network odels
Categories o! Networks
"nterconnection o! Networks# "nternetwork
Topics discussed in this section:
Topics discussed in this section:
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Figure 1.$ Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
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Figure 1.% $ategories of topology
1.(
Figure 1.& ! fully connected mesh topology (five devices
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Figure 1.' ! star topology connecting four stations
1.1*
Figure 1.( ! bus topology connecting three stations
1.11
Figure 1.) ! ring topology connecting six stations
1.1"
Figure 1.* ! hybrid topology: a star bac"bone with three bus networ"s
1.1#
Figure 1.1+ !n isolated %!& connecting '( computers to a hub in a closet
1.1$
Figure 1.11 )!&s: a switched )!& and a point-to-point )!&
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Figure 1.12 ! heterogeneous networ" made of four )!&s and two %!&s
1.1&
1-3 THE INTERNET
1-3 THE INTERNET
The
The
*nternet
*nternet
has revolutioni+ed many aspects of our daily
has revolutioni+ed many aspects of our daily
lives. *t has affected the way we do business as well as the
lives. *t has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The *nternet is a
way we spend our leisure time. The *nternet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organi+ed it for our use.
information to our fingertips and organi+ed it for our use.
, -rie! .istory
/he "nternet /oday 0"SPs1
Topics discussed in this section:
Topics discussed in this section:
1.1'
Figure 1.1$ ,ierarchical organi+ation of the *nternet
1.1(
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
*n this section, we define two widely used terms:
*n this section, we define two widely used terms:
protocols
protocols

and
and
standards
standards
. First, we define protocol, which is
. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.
are agreed-upon rules.
Protocols
Standards
Standards 2rgani3ations
"nternet Standards
Topics discussed in this section:
Topics discussed in this section: