Cartesian Product :

Let A and B be two non empty sets .

The set of all ordered pairs ( a, b) such that
a A and b B is called the cartesian product of
sets A and B.
It is denoted by A x B.

e.g. A={ a ,b ,c } B={1,2,3,4}
A x B = { (a,1) , (a,2) , (a,3) ,(a,4) , (b,1) , (b,2) ,
(b,3) ,(b,4) , (c,1) , (c,2) , (c,3) ,(c,4) }
Relation :
Let A and B be two sets .Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of
A x B.

For e.g. A = {2,4,6} & B = { 3,5,7}
A x B = { (2,3) ,(2,5 ) ,(2,7), (4,3) ,(4,5 ) ,(4,7), (6,3),
(6,5 ) ,(6,7) }

Let R be a relation from A to B defined by aRb : a > b
Then R = { (4,3) ,(6,3) (6,5) }

Thus R is a subset of A x B.




TYPES OF RELATIONS
Reflexive relation
Symmetric relation
Transitive relation
REFLEXIVE RELATION
A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive
if every element of A is related to itself.

SYMMETRIC RELATION

A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a,b) R => (b,a) R for all a, b A
i.e. aRb => bRa for all a, b Y

TRANSITIVE RELATION
Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be a
transitive relation iff
(a,b) R and (b,c) R
(a,c) R for all a, b, c A
i.e. aRb and bRc
=> aRc for all a, b, c A

Types of funtions
1.Injective(one-one)



2.Surjective (onto)


3.Bijective (one-one, onto)
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Basic points :

For a graph of a function y=f(x) , for every x there is one and
only one corresponding value of y.

The graph is set of all the points in the plane of the form ( x ,
f(x) ).

The graph of a function therefore has the property that a
vertical line through any point on the x-axis has at most one
point of intersection with the graph. This is called the vertical
line test.

Even Functions : Symmetric about y-axis
Odd Functions : Symmetric in opposite
Quadrants.

Periodicity : The period after which the graph repeats itself if
it is a periodic graph.


Trigonometric Functions




INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
MOD FUNCTION
y = |x|
y = x , for x > 0
y = -x , for x < 0
e.g. when x = 2 , y = 2 but when x = -2 , y = -
(-2) = 2


Exponential Functions
y = a^x where a >1
e.g. y = 2^x , 3^x , e^x

x = 0 => y = 1
x => y
x 0 => y0


LOG Function
y = log x ( where base is a and a>1 or
0<a<1)
=> x = a^y

y=0 => x = 1
y => x
y - => x0


Polynomial Function :
Graph of a polynomial function is always
continuous .
for e.g. y = x^2 , x^3 etc.


Greatest Integer Function
Represented as y = [x]
Also called big bracket x.
y =[x] => y = -3 -3 x <-2
-2 -2 x < -1
-1 -1 x < 0
0 0 x < 1
1 1 x < 2
2 2 x < 3
3 3 x < 4
Graph is discontinuous at integral values of
x.
Neither even nor odd.

Greatest Integer Function
Signum Function
For a graph y= sgn f(x) ,
y = 1 , f(x) >0
= 0 , f(x) =0
= -1 , f(x) < 0
e.g. For the graph of y = sgn x , here we
refer to the graph of
y = x to plot the graph
of y = sgn x

The graph is also
discontinuous .
The cost function C gives the cost C(q) of
manufacturing a quantity q of some good. A
linear cost function has the form

C(q) = mq + b;
where the vertical intercept b is called the
fixed costs, i.e. the costs incurred even if
nothing is produced, and t
he slope m is called the variable costs per unit.


The function is used to calculate the amount of total consumption in an economy. It is made up of
autonomous consumption that is not influenced by current income and induced consumption that
is influenced by the economy's income level. This function can be where

C = total consumption,

c0 = autonomous consumption (c0 > 0),

c1 is the marginal propensity to consume (ie the induced consumption) (0 < c1 < 1), and

Yd

= disposable income (income after government intervention benefits, taxes and transfer
payments

or Y + (G T)).


Values of a linear cost function are shown below.
What are the fixed costs and the variable costs
per units? Find a formula for the cost function


Ans
4q +500o
M=4

Q 0 5 10 15
5000 5020 5040 5060 5080
In a nancial setting, a linear function with negative slope is
called a depreci- ation function.
A new sports car costs $40,000 and depreciates $3000 per
year.
(a) Determine an equation for the depreciation function.
(b) How much will the car be worth in 5 years?
Solution. Since the rate of depreciation is constant, the
depreciation function is a lin- ear function, say, V (t) = mt +
b. Since b = V (0), we nd b = $40,000. Also, m = $3000 per
year. Thus, V (t) = 3000t + 40,000. (b) The question here is
equivalent to nding V (5) which is V (5) = 3000(5)+ 40,000
= $25,000.

What are linear functions?
A linear function is a polynomial function in which the
variable x has degree at most one. It is of the form : f(x) = ax
+ b, where a and b are real numbers.
The graph of a linear function is a straight line.
The letter a represents the slope of the line. If a is
positive, the line slopes upwards towards the right. If a is
negative, the line slopes downwards towards the right.
The larger the value of a the steeper the line is. Thus a
also denotes the steepness of the line.
A linear function can be represented in a lot of different
ways tables, graphs and equations.
Example 1
Determine whether the Data in the table
represents a linear function.
Step 1
Check the rate of change in the time.
The rate of change is constant, every 10
minutes.

Step 2
Check the rate of change in distance.
This rate of change is NOT constant.

The ANSWER
Since the rate of change is NOT constant
for both variables, the data does NOT
represent a linear function.
Use the table to find the
solution
Time
(min)
Distance
biked
(miles)
10 3
20 6
30 10
40 14
50 17
60 19
+10
+10
+10
+10
+10
+3
+4
+4
+3
+2
Determine whether each equation is a linear
equation
2) 2x
2
- y = 7
Can you write it in standard form?
NO - it has an exponent!
Not linear
3) x = 12
x + 0y = 12
A = 1, B = 0, C = 12
Linear!

FORMULAA :
Finding the slope :
The slope m of the line through the
points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) is given by m = y2-y1/x2-x1,
where x1 is not equal to x2.
Point slope formula :
The equation of a straight line passing through (x1,y1)
with slope a :
y-y1 = a(x-x1)



Constant Function
If a function can be written in the form f(x) = b, where
b is a real number, then we call it a constant function.
The graph of a constant function is a horizontal line.
Example 2 : graph of the function f(x) = 5. No matter
what the x value is, the corresponding y value is
always 5.

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES -
Parallel lines : two lines are parallel if they have the same
slope.
Perpendicular lines : two lines are perpendicular if their
slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.
Horizontal and vertical lines are exceptions to the above.
Recall, that a horizontal line has a slope of zero, wheras a
vertical line has a slope that is undefined.
Some exceptions :
Variables in the denominator

Variables with exponents

Variables multiplied with other variables.
xy = 12
3
2 y
x

2
3 y x