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ELECTROMAGNETISM
FE1001 Physics I
NTU - College of Engineering
21. Electric Charge and
Electric Field
22. Gausss Law
23. Electric Potential
24. Capacitance and
Dielectrics
25. Current, Resistance, and Electromotive
Force
26. Direct-Current Circuits
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
ELECTROMAGNETISM
FE1001 Physics I
NTU - College of Engineering
27. Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces
28. Sources of Magnetic Field
29. Electromagnetic Induction
30. Inductance
31. Alternating Current
32. Electromagnetic Waves
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Objectives
The nature of electric charge
Interactions of electric charges
Coulombs law
The concept of electric field
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Outline
1. Electric Charge
2. Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
3. Coulombs Law
4. Electric Field and Electric Forces
5. Electric-Field Calculations
6. Electric Field Lines
7. Electric Dipoles
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric charge is a fundamental attribute of
particles.
Electrostatics are defined as the interactions
between electric charges that are at rest (or nearly
so).
The figure shows some experiments used to
demonstrate electrostatics.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Fig. 21.1
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electrostatics experiments show that there are
exactly two kinds of electric charge, negative and
positive.
Two positive charges or two negative charges
repel each other. A positive charge and a
negative charge attract each other.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
CAUTION
Like charges only mean that two charges have
the same algebraic sign (both positive or both
negative).
Opposite charges means that the electric
charges on both objects have different signs
(one positive and the other negative).
A technological application is in a laser printer; the
figure shows a schematic diagram of such a printer
in operation.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Fig. 21.2
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The atomic structure consists of three particles: the
negatively charged electron, the positively charged
proton, and the uncharged neutron.
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus while
electrons orbit it from a distance.
The figure shows how changes in the atomic
structure of lithium determines its net electric
charge.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
Fig. 21.4
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
Atomic number is defined as the number of
protons or electrons in a neutral atom of an
element.
A positive ion is formed by removing one or more
electrons from an atom; a negative ion is one that
has gained one or more electrons. This process is
called ionization.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
When the total number of protons equals the total
number of electrons in a macroscopic body, its total
charge is zero and the body as a whole is
electrically neutral.
When we speak of the charge of a body, we always
mean its net charge.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The Principle of Conservation of Charge: The
algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any
closed system is constant.
In any charging process, charge is not created or
destroyed but merely transferred from one body to
another.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The magnitude of charge of the electron or
proton is a natural unit of charge.
Every observable amount of electric charge on any
macroscopic body is always either zero or an
integer multiple (positive or negative) of this basic
unit, the electron charge quantization of charge.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Conductors of electricity are materials that permit
electric charge to move easily through them;
Insulators do not.
Most metals are good conductors while most non-
metals are insulators. Semiconductors are
intermediate in their properties between good
conductors and good insulators.
The figure shows the use of copper as a good
conductor, and glass and nylon as good insulators.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Fig. 21.5
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Charging by induction is the process in which a
charged body can give another body a charge of
opposite sign without losing any of its own charge.
The figure shows the charging of a metal sphere by
induction.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Fig. 21.6
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Excess charges that develop in the region of a
body during electrical induction are called induced
charges.
The earth is a conductor, and it is so large that it
can act as an infinite source of extra electrons or
sink of unwanted electrons. The charge it acquires
via induction will be equal and opposite to the
charge remaining on the electrically induced body.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
In a metallic conductor, the mobile charges are
always negative electrons.
In ionic solutions and ionized gases, both positive
and negative charges are mobile.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
A charged body can exert forces even on objects
that are not charged themselves induced-charge
effect.
This is due to polarization, in which a charged
object of either sign exerts an attractive force on an
uncharged (neutral) insulator.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Coulombs Law states that:
The magnitude of the electric force between
two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
The directions of the forces the two charges exert
on each other are always along the line joining
them, as shown in the figure.
21.3 Coulombs Law
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.3 Coulombs Law
Fig. 21.9
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.3 Coulombs Law
Coulombs Law is usually written as:
where
2 2 9
0
2 2 12
0
/ 10 0 . 9
4
1
/ 10 854 . 8
C m N
m N C
- =
e
- = e
t
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.3 Coulombs Law
The most fundamental unit of charge is the
magnitude of the charge of an electron or proton,
denoted by e, where
e = 1.602176462(63) x 10
-19
C
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 Electric force versus gravitational force
An o particle (alpha) is the nucleus of a helium
atom. It has a mass of m = 6.66 x 10
-27
kg and a
charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10
-19
C. Compare the force of
the electric repulsion between two o particles with the
force of gravitational attraction between them.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
The magnitude F
e
of the electric force is given by
Eq. (21.2),
The magnitude F
g
of the gravitational force is given
by Eq. (12.1),
We compare these two magnitudes by calculating
their ratio.
2
2
0
4
1
r
q
F
e
e
=
t
2
2
r
m
G F
g
=
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Execute
The ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force
is
35
2 27
2 19
2 2 11
2 2 9
2
2
0
10 1 . 3
) 10 66 . 6 (
) 10 2 . 3 (
/ 10 67 . 6
/ 10 0 . 9
4
1
=
-
-
=
e
=
kg
C
kg m N
C m N
m
q
G F
F
g
e
t
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Evaluate
This astonishingly large number shows that the
gravitational force in this situation is completely
negligible in comparison to the electric force. This is
always true for interactions of atomic and subatomic
particles. (Notice that this result doesnt depend on
the distance r between the two o particles.) But within
objects the size of a person or a planet, the positive
and negative charges are nearly equal in magnitude,
and the net electric force is usually much smaller than
the gravitational force.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 Force between two point charges
Two point charges, q
1
= +25 nC and q
2
= -75 nC, are
separated by a distance of 3.0 cm (Fig. 21.10a). Find
the magnitude and direction of a) the electric force
that q
1
exerts on q
2
; b) the electric force that q
2
exerts
on q
1
.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
We use Coulombs law, Eq. (21.2), to calculate the
magnitude of the force that each particle exerts on
the other. The problem asks us for the force on
each particle due to the other particle, so we use
Newtons third law.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Execute
a) Converting charge to coulombs and distance to
meters, the magnitude of the force that q
1
exerts on q
2
is
N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on
019 . 0
) 030 . 0 (
| ) 10 75 )( 10 25 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
2 1
0
2 1
=
+
- =
e
=
t
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Since the two charges
have opposite signs, the
force is attractive; that is,
the force that acts on q
2
is
directed toward q
1
along
the line joining the two
charges, as shown in Fig.
21.10b.
Fig. 21.10
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
b) Remember that Newtons third law applies to the
electric force. Even though the charges have
different magnitudes, the magnitude of the force that
q
2
exerts on q
1
is the same as the magnitude of the
force that q
1
exerts on q
2
:
Newtons third law also states that the direction of the
force that q
2
exerts on q
1
is exactly opposite the
direction of the force that q
1
exerts on q
2
; this is shown
in Fig. 21.10c.
N F
on
019 . 0
1 2
=
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Note that the force on q
1
is directed toward q
2
, as it
must be, since charges of opposite sign attract each
other.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 Vector addition of electric forces on a line
Two point charges are located on the positive x-axis
of a coordinate system (Fig. 21.11a). Charge q
1
= 1.0
nC is 2.0 cm from the origin, and charge q
2
= -3.0 nC
is 4.0 cm from the origin. What is the total force
exerted by these two charges on a charge q
3
= 5.0 nC
located at the origin? Gravitational forces are
negligible.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Identify
Here there are two electric forces acting on the
charge q
3
, and we must add these forces to find the
total force.
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Set Up
Figure 21.11a shows the
coordinate system. Our
target variable is the net
electric force exerted on
charge q
3
by the other
two charges. This is the
vector sum if the forces
due to q
1
and q
2
individually.
Fig. 21.11
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
Figure 21.11b is a free-body diagram for charge q
3
.
Note that q
3
is repelled by q
1
(which has the same
sign) and attracted to q
2
(which has the opposite
sign).
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
Converting charge to coulombs and distance to
meters, we use Eq. (21.2) to find the magnitude F
1 on 3
of the force of q
1
on q
3
:
This force has a negative x-component because q
3
is
repelled (that is, pushed in the negative x-direction)
by q
1
.
N N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on
t
112 10 12 . 1
) 020 . 0 (
| ) 10 0 . 5 )( 10 0 . 1 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
4
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
3 1
0
3 1
= =
- =
e
=
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
The magnitude F
2 on 3
of the force of q
2
on q
3
is
This force has a positive x-component because q
3
is
attracted (that is, pulled in the positive x-direction) by
q
2
.
N N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on
t
84 10 4 . 8
) 040 . 0 (
| ) 10 0 . 5 )( 10 0 . 3 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
5
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
3 2
0
3 2
= =
- =
e
=
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
The sum of the x-components is
There are no y- or z- components. Thus the total
force on q
3
is directed to the left, with magnitude 28
N = 2.8 x 10
-5
N.
N N N F
x
28 84 112 = + =
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Evaluate
To check the magnitudes of the individual forces,
note that q
2
has three times as much charge (in
magnitude) as q
1
but is twice as far from q
3
. From
Eq. (21.2) this means that F
2 on 3
must be 3/2
2
= as
large as F
1 on 3
. Indeed, our results show that this ratio
is (84 N)/(112 N) = 0.75. The direction of the net
force also makes sense: is opposite to and has a
larger magnitude than , so the net force is in the
direction of .
4
3
3 1on
F
3 2on
F
3 1on
F
0 17 . 0 17 . 0
46 . 0 23 . 0 23 . 0
= + =
= + =
N N F
N N N F
y
x
21. Electric Charge and Electric Field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Evaluate
The total force on Q is in a direction that points
neither directly away from q
1
nor directly away from
q
2
. Rather, this direction is a compromise that points
away from the system of charges q
1
and q
2
. Can you
see that the total force would not be in the +x-
direction if q
1
and q
2
were not equal or if the
geometrical arrangement of the charges were not so
symmetrical?