ANATOMY DEPARTMENT UDAYANA UNIVERSITY Scientist / ilmuwan: Lifelong study Internet international communication 10/9/2014 2 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD Leading causes of death 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 3 Heart disease Malignant neoplasms Cerebrovascular diseases, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pneumonia and influenza Accidents Diabetes mellitus Suicide, nephritis, chronic liver disease, etc etc
National Health Statistics, 1999 Major disorders 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 4 The heart: Coronary artery disease ischemic heart disease myocardial infarction The blood vessels: atherosclerosis hypertension varicose vein 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 5 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 6 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 7 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 8 GENETIC PREDISPOSITION EXCESSIVE CHOLESTEROL SEDENTARY LIFE 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 9 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 10 LARGE QUANTITIES OF CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITED BENEATH THE ENDOTHELIUM AT MANY POINTS IN ARTERIES INVADED BY FIBROUS TISSUE AND FREQUENTLY CALCIFIED NET RESULT IS DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES BLOCK OR PARTIALLY BLOCK BLOOD FLOW 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 11 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 12 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 13 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 14 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 15 Weight reduction Dietary sodium Rich in vegetables & fruits Physical activities Stop smoking Moderation alcohol consumption LIFE STYLE CHANGES
Circulatory System
1.Cardiovascular system
The heart (cor) System of blood vessel
2. System of lymphatics 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 16 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 17 The site of exchange 10/9/2014 18 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD Capillary Capillary Cell Arteriole Venule 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 19 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 20 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 21 Stroke volume: 70 ml 5 liter/minute 7,200 liters/day 216,000 liters/month 2,628,000 liters/year
10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 22 Two major components: The heart and system of blood vessels Major functions: Transport of oxygen and nutrients Transport of CO 2 and waste products Two major divisions Major or systemic circulation Lesser or pulmonary circulation
10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 23 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 24 Oxygenated blood (O 2 & nutrients) Deoxygenated blood (CO 2 & waste products) Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood RV LA RA LV RA=right atrium, LA=left atrium, RV=right ventricle, LV=left ventricle Lungs Heart Whole body Heart
Veins Arteries 15mmHg Venules Arterioles 60 mmHg
Capillaries 35 mmHg
10/9/2014 25 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD Circulation Venules=very small veins; arterioles=very small arteries Aorta 120mmHg Vena cava 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 26 OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 27 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 28 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 29 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 30 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 31 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 32 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 33 PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION VALVE VEIN LYMPH NODE LYMPH CAPILLARIES HEART THORACICUS DUCT CAPILLARIES ARTERIES LYMPH NODE LYMPH CAPILLARIES 20 l / day BLOOD 7200 l /day LYMPH BLOOD CAPILLARIES 3 l / day 17 l /day The Heart
A four-chamber, powerful, muscular pump Divided into two halves: left heart & right heart.
Left heart: left atrium & left ventricle Receives oxygenated blood (arterial blood) from the lungs Distributes it to the whole body.
Right heart: right atrium & right ventricle Receives deoxygenated blood (venous blood) from the whole body, sends it to the lungs.
The walls of the left ventricle is the thickest. 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 34 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 35 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 36 Boundaries: left and right pleural cavities, diaphragm, anterior and posterior leaves of fibrous pericardium, and superior aspect of the left and right pulmonary arteries
Contents: Heart and pericardium Roots of the great vessels Arch of azygos vein Main bronchi
10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 37 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 38 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 39 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 40 Double-walled fibroserous sac, encloses the heart and the roots of its great vessels Pericardial cavity: The potential space between the opposing layers of the parietal and visceral of serous pericardium 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 41 The wall consist of three layers: Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
The fibrous skeleton of the heart 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 42 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 43 A special system for generating rhytmical electrical impuls to cause rhytmical contraction of the heart muscle and conducting these impulses rapidly through the heart Allow all portions of the ventricles to contract simultaneously which essential for most effective pressure generation in the ventricular chamber 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 44 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 45 A-V node (atrioventricular node) Conduction through the atrial wall Sinoatrial node (sinus node) A-V bundle (bundle of His) Right & left branches Purkinje fibers PACE-MAKER 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 46
A GROUP OF CELLS AS S-A NODE THAT SERVES TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAINING A RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 47 Number of heart beats per minute Classification of heart rate Normal heart rate; 60 100/minute Bradycardia: 60 beats per minute Tachycardia: 100 beats per minute
10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 48 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 49 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 50 Two most common sites: In the side of the neck: carotid pulse by palpating the common carotid artery At the wrist: radial pulse by palpating the radial artery 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 51 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 52 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 53 Normal and optimal: 120/80 (adults)
Abnormal high: Hypertension
Systolic Hypertension (wide pulse pressure)
Systolic and diastolic hypertension: Increased peripheral vascular resistance 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 54 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 55 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 56 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 57 THE FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATICS DRAINAGE OF TISSUE FLUID, COLLECTION OF LYMPH PLASMA AND TRANSPORT OF LYMPH TO THE VENOUS SYSTEM ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF FAT FROM THE INTESTINE. FORMATION OF A DEFENCE MECHANISM
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10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 59 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 60 Right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter): The right halves of head, neck and thorax, and the right upper limb The thoracic duct (ductus lymphaticus sinister): The remainder of the body Both duct eventually open into the corresponding subclavian veins (venous angles) 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 61 Lymphatic plexuses (lymphatic capillary) Lymphatics vessels Lymph nodes Lymphocytes Lymphoid tissue 10/9/2014 Bagian Anatomi FK UNUD 62 Vascularization of head and neck.