The Reproductive

The Reproductive
System
System
Function Preview
Function Preview

Ensures continuity of the species

Ensures continuity of the species
by producing offspring
by producing offspring

In sexual reproduction new individuals

are produced by the fusion of haploid
gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Sperm are male gametes, ova (ovum

singular) are female gametes.
Function Preview
Function Preview

Meiosis produces cells that are

genetically distinct from each other
fertilization is the fusion of two such
distinctive cells that produces a uni!ue
new combination of alleles, thus
increasing variation on which natural
selection can operate.
Function Preview
Function Preview

Sexual reproduction offers the benefit

of generating genetic variation
among offspring, which enhances the
chances of the population"s survival.
Anatomy of the Male
Anatomy of the Male
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

Common purpose
Common purpose

Identify the organs and discuss

Identify the organs and discuss
the general function of each
the general function of each

Testes: Exocrine and endocrine

Testes: Exocrine and endocrine
functions
functions
Anatomy of the Male
Anatomy of the Male
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

Composition of semen and the

Composition of semen and the
glands that produce it
glands that produce it

Erection, ejaculation and

Erection, ejaculation and
circumcision
circumcision

Meiosis and spermatogenesis

Meiosis and spermatogenesis

Sperm structure and how it

Sperm structure and how it
relates to its function
relates to its function
Anatomy of the Male
Anatomy of the Male
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

S! and "!: Its effect on testes

S! and "!: Its effect on testes
functioning
functioning
Anatomy of the Female
Anatomy of the Female
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

Identify the organs of the female

Identify the organs of the female
reproducti#e system and discuss
reproducti#e system and discuss
the general functions
the general functions

$esicular follicle and corpus

$esicular follicle and corpus
luteum of the o#ary
luteum of the o#ary

Endometrium, myometrium and

Endometrium, myometrium and
o#ulation
o#ulation
Anatomy of the Female
Anatomy of the Female
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

"ocate the female uterus: cer#ix,

"ocate the female uterus: cer#ix,
fundus and body
fundus and body

%hat is oogeneis
%hat is oogeneis

%hat is the influence of S! and

%hat is the influence of S! and
"! on o#arian function
"! on o#arian function

&hases and controls of the

&hases and controls of the
menstrual cycle
menstrual cycle
Anatomy of the Female
Anatomy of the Female
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

unction and structure of the

unction and structure of the
mammary glands
mammary glands

ertili'ation and 'ygote

ertili'ation and 'ygote

Implantation
Implantation

&lacenta and its functions

&lacenta and its functions

Three stages of labor

Three stages of labor
Overview
Overview

&rimary sex organs are the gonads

&rimary sex organs are the gonads

Testes and o#aries

Testes and o#aries

(onads produce sex cells: gametes

(onads produce sex cells: gametes

)ccessory reproducti#e organs

)ccessory reproducti#e organs

The reproducti#e role of the male is to

The reproducti#e role of the male is to
produce sperm, deli#er them to the
produce sperm, deli#er them to the
female
female
Overview
Overview

emale pro#ide female gametes or

emale pro#ide female gametes or
o#a
o#a

The joining of a sperm and o#a

The joining of a sperm and o#a
causes a fusion or a fertili'ed egg
causes a fusion or a fertili'ed egg
which is the first cell of a new
which is the first cell of a new
individual
individual
Overview
Overview

)fter fertili'ation the female uterus

)fter fertili'ation the female uterus
pro#ides a protecti#e en#ironment for
pro#ides a protecti#e en#ironment for
the embryo, later called the fetus,
the embryo, later called the fetus,
which de#elops until birth
which de#elops until birth
Overview
Overview

#uman reproduction employs internal

fertilization, and depends on the integrated
action of hormones,the nervous system, and the
reproductive system. $onads are sex organs that
produce gametes. Male gonads are the testes,
which produce sperm and male sex hormones.
%emale gonads are the ovaries, which produce
eggs (ova) and female sex hormones.
Anatomy of the male
Anatomy of the male
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

&estes are suspended outside the

abdominal cavity by the scrotum, a
pouch of s'in that 'eeps the testes
close or far from the body at an
optimal temperature for sperm
development.
Anatomy of the male
Anatomy of the male
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

Seminiferous tubules are inside each

testis, and are where sperm are produced
by meiosis. (bout )*+ meters (,*+ feet)
of tubules are pac'ed into each testis.
Spermatocytes inside the tubules divide
by meiosis to produce spermatids that in
turn develop into mature sperm.
&he male reproductive system. Images from -urves et al., .ife/ &he Science of 0iology, 1th 2dition, by
Sinauer (ssociates (www.sinauer.com) and 3# %reeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.
Testes
Testes

ibrous connecti#e tissue

ibrous connecti#e tissue
capsule: Tunica
capsule: Tunica
albuginea
albuginea

Septa or extensions form

Septa or extensions form
this capsule di#ides the
this capsule di#ides the
testes into lobules*
testes into lobules*

%ithin the lobules are the

%ithin the lobules are the
sperm+ forming factories+
sperm+ forming factories+
seminferous tubules
seminferous tubules
Testes
Testes

The sperm empty into

The sperm empty into
the rete testis and
the rete testis and
tra#el to the epididymis
tra#el to the epididymis

Surrounding the
Surrounding the
seminiferous tubules
seminiferous tubules
are interstitial cells,
are interstitial cells,
functionally distinct
functionally distinct
cells that produce
cells that produce
androgens+ most
androgens+ most
important is
important is
testosterone
testosterone
Testes
Testes

In the male sperm+

In the male sperm+
producing and
producing and
hormone producing
hormone producing
function of the testes
function of the testes
are carried out by two
are carried out by two
completely different
completely different
cell populations
cell populations
Accessory Organs
Accessory Organs

Epididymis
Epididymis

,uctus deferens, #as deferens

,uctus deferens, #as deferens

-rethra
-rethra
Accessory Organs
Accessory Organs

Epididymis
Epididymis
Epididymis
Epididymis

irst part of the male duct

irst part of the male duct
system
system

&ro#ides a temporary storage

&ro#ides a temporary storage
site for immature sperm
site for immature sperm

It ta.es /0 days to get here

It ta.es /0 days to get here
and the sperm mature gaining
and the sperm mature gaining
the ability to swim
the ability to swim

Sexual stimulation causes the

Sexual stimulation causes the
walls to contract and expel the
walls to contract and expel the
sperm into the ductus deferens
sperm into the ductus deferens
Ductus Deferens
Ductus Deferens
This is a low power image of the
Ductus Deferens or as
Deferens! 1otice the Stellate
shaped lumen that is a
characteristic of the duct 2red
arrow3, along with the #ery thic.
smooth muscle walls indicated by
the blue arrows*
4ed arrow + Stellate Shaped
"umen 5f $as ,eferens
6lue arrow + Thic. Muscular wall
of $as ,eferens
Ductus Deferens
Ductus Deferens

4uns upward from the epididymis

4uns upward from the epididymis
through the inguinal canal into the
through the inguinal canal into the
pel#ic ca#ity
pel#ic ca#ity

It is enclosed along with blood

It is enclosed along with blood
#essels and ner#es in a connecti#e
#essels and ner#es in a connecti#e
tissue sheath: spermatic cord
tissue sheath: spermatic cord
Ductus Deferens
Ductus Deferens

The end of the ductus deferens empties

The end of the ductus deferens empties
into the ejaculatory duct, which passes
into the ejaculatory duct, which passes
through the prostate gland and merges
through the prostate gland and merges
with the urethra
with the urethra

Main function is to propel li#e sperm from

Main function is to propel li#e sperm from
the epididymis 2storage space3 and the
the epididymis 2storage space3 and the
distal part of the ductus deferens into the
distal part of the ductus deferens into the
urethra
urethra
-hysical prevention (most effective) include vasectomy. 4asectomy/ the vas
deferens connecting the testes with the urethra is cut and sealed to prevent the
transport of sperm.
"rethra
"rethra

Terminal part of the male duct system

Terminal part of the male duct system

Three named regions

Three named regions

&rostatic urethra+ prostrate gland

&rostatic urethra+ prostrate gland

Membranous urethra
Membranous urethra

Spongy urethra+ running within the

Spongy urethra+ running within the
length of the penis
length of the penis
Accessory #land and Semen
Accessory #land and Semen

&aired seminal #esicles

&aired seminal #esicles

&rostrate gland
&rostrate gland

6ulbourethral glands 2Cowper7s

6ulbourethral glands 2Cowper7s
gland3
gland3

These glands produce the bul. of the

These glands produce the bul. of the
semen
semen
Seminal esicles
Seminal esicles

&roduce about 809 of semen fluid

&roduce about 809 of semen fluid

ructose, $itamin C* prostoglandins

ructose, $itamin C* prostoglandins
and other substances which nourish
and other substances which nourish
and acti#ate the sperm passing
and acti#ate the sperm passing
through the tract
through the tract

Sperm and seminal fluid enter the

Sperm and seminal fluid enter the
urethra together during ejaculation
urethra together during ejaculation
Prostate #land
Prostate #land

&roduce a mil.y secretion that plays a

&roduce a mil.y secretion that plays a
role in acti#ating sperm
role in acti#ating sperm

&rostrate cancer is the third most

&rostrate cancer is the third most
pre#alent cancer in men
pre#alent cancer in men

!ypertrophy of the prostrate strangles

!ypertrophy of the prostrate strangles
the urethra: Cystitis and .idney
the urethra: Cystitis and .idney
damage
damage
$ul%ourethral #lands
$ul%ourethral #lands

&roduce a thic., clear mucus that

&roduce a thic., clear mucus that
drains into the penile urethra
drains into the penile urethra

This secretion is the first to pass

This secretion is the first to pass
down the urethra when a man
down the urethra when a man
becomes sexually excited
becomes sexually excited

Cleanses traces of acidic urine and

Cleanses traces of acidic urine and
ser#es as a lubricant during
ser#es as a lubricant during
intercourse
intercourse
Semen
Semen

Mil.y white, stic.y mixture of sperm

Mil.y white, stic.y mixture of sperm
and accessory gland secretions
and accessory gland secretions

&ro#ides a transport medium

&ro#ides a transport medium

Contains nutrients and chemicals that

Contains nutrients and chemicals that
protect the sperm and aid its
protect the sperm and aid its
mo#ement
mo#ement

ructose pro#ides the energy

ructose pro#ides the energy

)l.alinity of semen 2ph :*/+:*83

)l.alinity of semen 2ph :*/+:*83
Semen
Semen

1eutrali'es the acid en#ironment of

1eutrali'es the acid en#ironment of
#agina 2p! ;*< + =3
#agina 2p! ;*< + =3

Contains seminal plasmin 2 inhibits

Contains seminal plasmin 2 inhibits
bacterial multiplication3
bacterial multiplication3

!ormone relaxin and en'ymes that

!ormone relaxin and en'ymes that
enhance sperm mobility
enhance sperm mobility
Spermatogenisis
Spermatogenisis

Sperm production
begins at puberty at
continues throughout
life, with several
hundred million sperm
being produced each
day. 5nce sperm form
they move into the
epididymis, where they
mature and are stored.
#uman Sperm (S2M x*,6,*). &his image is
copyright 7ennis 8un'el at www.7ennis8un'el.com,
used with permission.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis

6egins in seminiferous tubules:

6egins in seminiferous tubules:
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia

S!+ at puberty causes the

S!+ at puberty causes the
production of stem cell 2daughter cell
production of stem cell 2daughter cell
)3 and daughter cell 6
)3 and daughter cell 6

Type 6+ &rimary spermatocyte and

Type 6+ &rimary spermatocyte and
undergoes meiosis to form four
undergoes meiosis to form four
spermatids 2gametes3
spermatids 2gametes3
Spermiogeneis
Spermiogeneis

!ead contains: ,1)

!ead contains: ,1)

Midpiece: Centrioles that form

Midpiece: Centrioles that form
filaments of the tail
filaments of the tail

Tail: Mitochondria are wrapped tightly

Tail: Mitochondria are wrapped tightly
around filaments to pro#ide )T&
around filaments to pro#ide )T&

The entire process of

The entire process of
spermatogenesis ta.es 8=+:/ days
spermatogenesis ta.es 8=+:/ days
Male Se& 'ormones
Male Se& 'ormones

&he anterior pituitary produces follicle9

stimulating hormone (%S#) and
luteinizing hormone (.#) or interstitial
cell9 stimulating hormone (I:S#).

(ction of .# is controlled by the

gonadotropin9releasing hormone
($n;#).
Male Se& 'ormones
Male Se& 'ormones

.# stimulates cells in the seminiferous

tubules to secrete testosterone, which has
a role in sperm production and developing
male secondary sex characteristics.

%S# acts on cells to help in sperm

maturation.

<egative feedbac' by testosterone

controls the actions of $n;#.
Secondary Se&
Secondary Se&
(haracteristics
(haracteristics

,eepening of the #oice due to the

,eepening of the #oice due to the
enlargement of the larynx
enlargement of the larynx

Increases hair growth all o#er the

Increases hair growth all o#er the
body
body

Enlargement of s.eletal muscles to

Enlargement of s.eletal muscles to
produce hea#ier muscle mass
produce hea#ier muscle mass

Increased hea#iness of the s.eleton

Increased hea#iness of the s.eleton
due to thic.ening of the bones
due to thic.ening of the bones
Anatomy of the Female
Anatomy of the Female
Reproductive System
Reproductive System

More complex
More complex

&roduces female gametes 2o#a3

&roduces female gametes 2o#a3

1urture and protect the de#eloping fetus

1urture and protect the de#eloping fetus

5#aries are the primary reproducti#e

5#aries are the primary reproducti#e
organs
organs

5#aries produce both an exocrine product

5#aries produce both an exocrine product
2o#a3 and endocrine products 2 estrogens
2o#a3 and endocrine products 2 estrogens
and progesterone3
and progesterone3
www.gynaesurgeon.co.uk/anatomy/anatomy6.htm
Ovaries
Ovaries

&aired and contain sacli.e structures

&aired and contain sacli.e structures
called o#arian follicles
called o#arian follicles

Each follicle consists of an immature

Each follicle consists of an immature
egg 2oocyte3 surrounded by follicle
egg 2oocyte3 surrounded by follicle
cells
cells

)s follicle matures it enlarges and

)s follicle matures it enlarges and
de#elops a fluid+filled center: antrum
de#elops a fluid+filled center: antrum
Ovaries
Ovaries

The follicle is now called a #esicular

The follicle is now called a #esicular
or (raafian follicle: the de#eloping
or (raafian follicle: the de#eloping
egg is ready for o#ulation
egg is ready for o#ulation

)fter o#ulation the ruptured follicle is

)fter o#ulation the ruptured follicle is
transformed into the corpus luteum
transformed into the corpus luteum
which e#entually degenerates
which e#entually degenerates

5#ulation generally occurs e#ery />

5#ulation generally occurs e#ery />
days
days
Duct System
Duct System

-terine tubes
-terine tubes

-terus
-terus

$agina
$agina
The female reproducti#e tract
The female reproducti#e tract
Duct System
Duct System

The reproductive system of a women is

entirely internal.

&he vagina is the passage that leads from the

outside of the body to the cervix, which is the
opening to the uterus.

&he uterus is the muscular organ where a

fertilized egg attaches and develops. It is
about the size and shape of a pear, and is
lined with a rich and nourishing mucous
membrane called the endometrium.
Fallopian Tu%es
Fallopian Tu%es

orms the initial part of the duct

orms the initial part of the duct
system
system

4ecei#es the o#ulated oocyte

4ecei#es the o#ulated oocyte

&ro#ides a site where fertili'ation can

&ro#ides a site where fertili'ation can
occur
occur

Enclosed and supported by a broad

Enclosed and supported by a broad
ligament
ligament
Fallopian Tu%es
Fallopian Tu%es

-nli.e the male duct system, no

-nli.e the male duct system, no
actual contact between the uterine
actual contact between the uterine
tubes and the o#aries
tubes and the o#aries

,istal end expands into infundibulum

,istal end expands into infundibulum
which has finger+li.e
which has finger+li.e
projections2 fimbriae3
projections2 fimbriae3

imbriae create fluid currents to carry

imbriae create fluid currents to carry
the oocyte into the uterine
the oocyte into the uterine
tube
tube
Fallopian Tu%es
Fallopian Tu%es

5ocyte is carried to the uterus by

5ocyte is carried to the uterus by
peristalsis and rhytmic beating of cilia
peristalsis and rhytmic beating of cilia

Ta.es ;+= days to get to the uterus

Ta.es ;+= days to get to the uterus

5ocyte is #iable up to /= hours after

5ocyte is #iable up to /= hours after
o#ulation
o#ulation

-sual site for fertili'ation is the

-sual site for fertili'ation is the
uterine tube
uterine tube
www.2womenshealth.co.uk/Figure02-01.htm
"terus
"terus

%omb
%omb

"ocated in the pel#is between the

"ocated in the pel#is between the
urinary bladder and the rectum
urinary bladder and the rectum

4ecei#es, retains and nourishes the

4ecei#es, retains and nourishes the
fertili'ed egg
fertili'ed egg

The major portion is the body

The major portion is the body
"terus
"terus

Superior rounded region abo#e the

Superior rounded region abo#e the
entrance of the uterine tubes is the
entrance of the uterine tubes is the
fundus
fundus

1arrow outlet that protrudes into the

1arrow outlet that protrudes into the
#agina beow is the cer#ix
#agina beow is the cer#ix
Duct System
Duct System

%rom the top of the uterus extend the

fallopian tubes, which lead bac'ward and
downward to the ovaries.
www.afraidtoask.com/STD/stdanatomy.html
sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/gynecology/anatute.html
www.gynaesurgeon.co.uk/anatomy/anatomy6.htm
"terus
"terus

Three layers
Three layers

Inner layer or mucosa is the endometrium

Inner layer or mucosa is the endometrium

if ferti'ation ocurs, the fertili'ed egg implants

if ferti'ation ocurs, the fertili'ed egg implants
into the endometrium
into the endometrium

Myometrium is the bul.y middle layer

Myometrium is the bul.y middle layer

Composed of smooth muscle

Composed of smooth muscle

)cti#e role during the deli#ery of the baby

)cti#e role during the deli#ery of the baby
"terus
"terus

Three layers
Three layers

&erimetrium or #iseceral peritoneum

&erimetrium or #iseceral peritoneum

5uter serous layer

5uter serous layer
Menses
Menses

%hen not pregnant the endometral

%hen not pregnant the endometral
lining sloughs off periodically
lining sloughs off periodically

-sually e#ery /> days

-sually e#ery /> days

4esponds to the le#els of the o#arian

4esponds to the le#els of the o#arian
hormones
hormones
agina
agina

6irth canal
6irth canal

&ro#ides a passageway for the

&ro#ides a passageway for the
deli#ery of the baby
deli#ery of the baby

&ro#ides a oassageway for menstrual

&ro#ides a oassageway for menstrual
flow to lea#e the body
flow to lea#e the body

4ecei#es the penis and semen

4ecei#es the penis and semen

emale organ of copulation

emale organ of copulation
agina
agina

,istal end is partially closed by the

,istal end is partially closed by the
hymen
hymen

$ery #ascular and tends to bleed if

$ery #ascular and tends to bleed if
ruptured
ruptured

If too tough it is surgically ruptured to allow for If too tough it is surgically ruptured to allow for
intercourse intercourse
E&ternal #enitalia
E&ternal #enitalia

Called the $ul#a collecti#ely

Called the $ul#a collecti#ely

Mons pubis
Mons pubis

"abia
"abia

Clitoris
Clitoris

-rethral and #aginal orifices

-rethral and #aginal orifices

(reater #estibular glands

(reater #estibular glands
A:Prepuce(Hood)of
Clitoris
B:Clitoris
C:OpeningofUrethra
(urinarytract)
D:Labiainora
!:Labiaa"ora
#:Openingof$agina
%:$estibule
H:Hyantissue
(residual)
&:OpeningofAnus
ulva
ulva

&he M5<S, a name that comes from the

.atin mons veneris means mound of
4enus, the ;oman goddess of love, is the
area of fatty tissue that forms a soft
mound over the pubic bone. &he mons is
covered by s'in and pubic hair.
ulva
ulva

&he .(0I( M(=5;(, or 5>&2; .I-S, extend

from the mons to the anus. &hey cover the
urinary and vaginal openings and are in turn
covered by pubic hair.

&he .(0I( MI<5;(, or I<<2; .I-S, are

delicate folds of moist s'in that lie inside the
outer lips, although they can protrude beyond
them. &hey extend from ?ust above the clitoris to
below the vaginal opening. &hey vary in size and
form in each woman.
ulva
ulva

&he :.I&5;IS is an ex!uisitely sensitive organ

that lies ?ust under the mons. It is covered by the
inner lips which can be gently pushed bac' to
reveal the tip (the head or glans). &he rest of the
clitoris can be seen because it extends inside the
body. &he clitoris is extremely sensitive to
stimulation and when stimulated it becomes
erect. (lthough direct stimulation of the tip of
the clitoris is pleasurable for some women it is
uncomfortable and even painful for others.
ulva
ulva

&he >;I<(;@ 5-2<I<$ is ?ust under the

clitoris. It is the outer part of the urethra, the tube
from the bladder.

&he 4($I<(. 5-2<I<$ is located behind the

urinary opening.

7uring sexual stimulation erectile tissue on both sides

of the vagina become engorged with blood. &he whole
area becomes moist. &he pelvic muscles contract and
relax during orgasm. 5ne9 to two9thirds of the vaginal
opening is covered with the #@M2< until this is
bro'en by intercourse or penetration or another ob?ect
or even bicycle or horsebac' riding.
ulva
ulva

&he 4($I<( lies between the urethra and the

rectum.

>nless a woman is sexually stimulated the walls of

the vagina touch each other.

3hen a woman is sexually aroused a slippery

li!uid is produced and the vagina opens, or
enlarges. ( $reater 4estibular $lands)

&he vagina can open as much as to facilitate the

passage of a baby, therefore there is no such thing
as a penis too large for a woman"s vagina.
www.2womenshealth.co.uk/Figure02-02.htm
Female Reproductive
Female Reproductive
Functions and (ycles
Functions and (ycles

5ogenesis: Meiosis to produce female

5ogenesis: Meiosis to produce female
gametes
gametes

&he ovary contains many follicles composed of

a developing egg surrounded by an outer layer
of follicle cells.

2ach egg begins oogenesis as a primary oocyte.

(t birth each female carries a lifetime supply of

developing oocytes, each of which is in
-rophase I.
Female Reproductive
Female Reproductive
Functions and (ycles
Functions and (ycles

( developing egg (secondary oocyte) is

released each month from puberty until
menopause, a total of 1++9*++ eggs.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis

In the female fetus: oogonia or the

In the female fetus: oogonia or the
female stem cells
female stem cells

4apidly multiply
4apidly multiply

,aughter cells, the primary oocytes,

,aughter cells, the primary oocytes,
push into the o#ary connecti#e tissue
push into the o#ary connecti#e tissue

Surrounded by a single layer of cells

Surrounded by a single layer of cells
and form the primary follicles
and form the primary follicles
Oogenesis
Oogenesis

6y birth the oogenia are no longer

6y birth the oogenia are no longer
exist and a lifetime supply of primary
exist and a lifetime supply of primary
oocytes exists? arrested in prophase I
oocytes exists? arrested in prophase I

,uring puberty, the anterior pituitary

,uring puberty, the anterior pituitary
secretes S!
secretes S!

Stimulates a small number of follicles to

Stimulates a small number of follicles to
grow and mature
grow and mature

5#ulation occurs
5#ulation occurs
5ogenesis. &he above image is from http/AAwww.grad.ttuhsc.eduAcoursesAhistoAnotesAfemale.html.
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

Cyclic changes that occur monthly

Cyclic changes that occur monthly

)t puberty, =00,000 oocytes remain

)t puberty, =00,000 oocytes remain

Small number acti#ated each month

Small number acti#ated each month

ollicle prodded by S! grows it

ollicle prodded by S! grows it
accumulates fluid in the center: antrum
accumulates fluid in the center: antrum

&rimary oocyte undergoes first meiotic

&rimary oocyte undergoes first meiotic
di#ision
di#ision

&roduces:
&roduces:
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

Secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte

&olar body
&olar body

The #esicular follicle contains a secondary

The #esicular follicle contains a secondary
oocyte
oocyte

@= days
@= days

5#ualation of secondary oocyte occurs in

5#ualation of secondary oocyte occurs in
response to "!
response to "!

5#ulated secondary oocyte still surrounded

5#ulated secondary oocyte still surrounded
by capsule now called the corona radiata
by capsule now called the corona radiata
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

"! stimulus causes rupture and release of oocyte

"! stimulus causes rupture and release of oocyte
into peritoneal ca#ity
into peritoneal ca#ity

$esicular follicles that do not o#ulate o#erripe and

$esicular follicles that do not o#ulate o#erripe and
deteriorate
deteriorate

"! causes the ruptured follicle to change into

"! causes the ruptured follicle to change into
corpus luteum
corpus luteum

Secondary oocyte if penetrated by sperm its nucleus Secondary oocyte if penetrated by sperm its nucleus
undergoes the second meiotic di#ision that produces undergoes the second meiotic di#ision that produces
another polar body and the o#um nucleus another polar body and the o#um nucleus

Meiosis in females yields only one

Meiosis in females yields only one
functional o#um and three tiny polar bodies
functional o#um and three tiny polar bodies
Ovarian (ycles
Ovarian (ycles

(fter puberty the ovary

cycles between a follicular
phase (maturing follicles)
and a luteal phase
(presence of the corpus
luteum).

&hese cyclic phases are

interrupted only by
pregnancy and continue
until menopause, when
reproductive capability
ends.
Ovarian (ycles
Ovarian (ycles

7uring the first phase, the

oocyte matures within a
follicle.

(t midpoint of the cycle, the

oocyte is released from the
ovary in a process 'nown as
ovulation.

%ollowing ovulation the

follicle forms a corpus
luteum which synthesizes
and prepares hormones to
prepare the uterus for
pregnancy.
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

If secondary oocyte is not penetrated

If secondary oocyte is not penetrated
it deteriorates
it deteriorates
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

&he ovarian cycle is

hormonally regulated in
two phases.

&he follicle secretes

estrogen before
ovulation

&he corpus luteum

secretes both estrogen
and progesterone after
ovulation.
http://www.emc.maricopa.
edu/faculty/farabee/BIOB
K/BioBookREPROD.html
Ovarian (ycle
Ovarian (ycle

&he ovarian cycle

covers events in the
ovary

&he menstrual cycle

occurs in the uterus.
Menstrual (ycle
Menstrual (ycle

Menstrual cycles vary from between B* and

CB days.

Menses 7ays B9*

&he first day of the cycle is the first day of

blood flow (day +) 'nown as menstruation.

7uring menstruation the uterine lining is

bro'en down and shed as menstrual flow.

%S# and .# are secreted on day +, beginning

both the menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle.
Menstrual (ycle
Menstrual (ycle

Menstrual cycles vary from between B*

and CB days.

Menses 7ays B9*

0oth %S# and .# stimulate the maturation

of a single follicle in one of the ovaries and
the secretion of estrogen.
Menstrual (ycle
Menstrual (ycle

Menstrual cycles vary from between B* and CB

days.

-roliferative stage 7ays D9B1

;ising levels of estrogen in the blood trigger
secretion of .#
0asal layer of endometrium regenerates

stimulates follicle maturation and ovulation

.# stimulates the remaining follicle cells to form

the corpus luteum, which produces both estrogen
and progesterone.
Menstrual (ycle
Menstrual (ycle

Menstrual cycles vary from between B* and CB

days.

Secretory stage B*9CB

2strogen and progesterone stimulate the development of

the endometrium and preparation of the uterine inner
lining for implantation of a zygote.

If pregnancy does not occur, the drop in %S# and .#

cause the corpus luteum to disintegrate.

&he drop in hormones also causes the sloughing off of

the inner lining of the uterus by a series of muscle
contractions of the uterus.
Secondary Se&
Secondary Se&
(haracteristics
(haracteristics

Caused by estrogens 2estradiol,

Caused by estrogens 2estradiol,
estrone, estriol3
estrone, estriol3

Estradiol is the most abundant and

Estradiol is the most abundant and
responsible for mediating estrogenic
responsible for mediating estrogenic
effects
effects
Secondary Se&
Secondary Se&
(haracteristics
(haracteristics

Enlargement of accesory organs of

Enlargement of accesory organs of
the femaale reproducti#e system
the femaale reproducti#e system

-terine tubes
-terine tubes

-terus
-terus

$agina
$agina

#ul#a
#ul#a

,e#elopment of the breasts

,e#elopment of the breasts
Secondary Se&
Secondary Se&
(haracteristics
(haracteristics

)ppearance of axillary and pubic hair

)ppearance of axillary and pubic hair

Increased deposits of fat beneath the

Increased deposits of fat beneath the
s.in
s.in

!ips
!ips

6reasts
6reasts

%idening and lightening of the pel#is

%idening and lightening of the pel#is

5nset of the menstrual cycle

5nset of the menstrual cycle
Mammary #lands
Mammary #lands

Mammary glands develop from

distinctive mammary ridges running
along both sides of the trun' of a
mammalian embryo.

Mammary glands are found in both

sexes, but cease development in males
well before puberty.
Mammary #lands
Mammary #lands

Mammary glands are probably highly modified

sweat glands.

reasonable to suggest that their origin was

correlated with the development of milk teeth and
the pattern of tooth replacement (diphyodonty)
seen in most modern mammals.

Mil' teeth are probably not as efficient as adult

teeth at chewing, due partly to their small size and
partly to their ever9changing pattern of occlusion
as the young mammal grows.
Mammary #lands
Mammary #lands

&his lac' of efficiency is accommodated

by reliance on a food that doesn"t need to
be chewed, mil'.

Mammary glands are made up of a

system of ducts surrounded by glandular
tissue, which secretes mil'.
Mammary #lands
Mammary #lands

Mil' formation is stimulated by the hormones

prolactin and growth hormone

Secretion of these hormones is in turn

stimulated by the act of suc'ling.

<umerous ducts discharge to the surface of a

fleshy protuberance called a nipple.

Mil' contains high percentages of protein, fat,

and sugars (especially lactose), and some
amount of vitamins and salts.
Fertili)ation
Fertili)ation

transmission of genes from both parents

to offspring

restoration of the diploid number of

chromosomes reduced during meiosis

initiation of development in offspring

&he egg and sperm. Sperm are color enhanced (green) while the egg is color enhanced to
gold. &he above image is modified from http/AABC+.B+).)+,.B++A%M;esA%M-roE9
dbFimages.fpCG'eyFC)HCBG9img.
Sperm on the surface of a human egg. &his image is from http/AABC+.B+).)+,.B++A%M;esA%M-roE9
dbFimages.fpCG'eyFC)HC)G9img.
Fertili)ation Steps
Fertili)ation Steps

:ontact between sperm and egg

2ntry of sperm into the egg

%usion of egg and sperm nuclei

(ctivation of development
Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

:leavage is the first step in development of

multicelled organisms.

:leavage converts a single9celled zygote into

a multicelled embryo by mitosis.

&he blastocyst or chorionic vesicle is produced

by mitosis of the zygote, and is a ball of cells
surrounding a fluid9filled cavity (the
blastocoel).
Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

&he decreasing size of cells increases their

surface to volume ratio, allowing for more
efficient oxygen exchange between cells and
their environment.

;<( and information carrying molecules are

distributed to various parts of the blastula, and
this molecular differentiation sets the stage for
the layering of the body
Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

$astrulation involves a series of cell

migrations to positions where they will
form the three primary cell layers.

2ctoderm forms the outer layer.

2ndoderm forms the inner layer.

Mesoderm forms the middle layer.

Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

Mesoderm

forms structures associated with

movement and support/ body muscles,
cartilage, bone, blood, and all other
connective tissues. ;eproductive system
organs and 'idneys come from
mesoderm.
Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

Endoderm

forms tissues and organs associated with the

digestive and respiratory systems. Many
endocrine structures, such as the thyroid and
parathyroid glands, are formed by the
endoderm. &he liver, pancreas, and gall
bladder arise from endoderm.
Em%ryonic Events
Em%ryonic Events

Ectoderm

tissues associated with outer layers/ s'in,

hair, sweat glands, epithelium. &he brain
and nervous system also develop from the
ectoderm.
*mplantation
*mplantation

&he uterine lining becomes enlarged and prepared

for implantation of the embryo in the trophoblast
layer.

&welve days after fertilization, the trophoblast has

formed a two9layered chorion.

#uman chorionic gonadotropin (h:$) is secreted

by the chorion, and prolongs the life of the corpus
luteum until the placenta begins to secrete estrogen
and progesterone. #ome pregnancy tests wor' by
detecting elevated h:$ levels in the woman"s urine.
*mplantation
*mplantation

Your Placenta or Mine?

Maternal and embryonic structures interloc' to form

the placenta, the nourishing boundary between the
mother"s and embryo"s systems. &he umbilical cord
extends from the placenta to the embryo, and
transports food to and wastes from the embryo.
:hanges in the zygote from fertilization to implantation. &he above image is from
http/AAwww.biosci.uga.eduAalmanacAbioIB+CAnotesAaprIB*.html.
Stages of Development
Stages of Development

&he period of time from fertilization to

birth (usually H months) is divided into
trimesters, each about three months long.
7uring pregnancy the zygote undergoes
1+ to 11 rounds of mitosis, producing an
infant containing trillions of specialized
cells organized into tissues and organs.
Stages of Development
Stages of Development

The First Trimester

&he three embryonic tissue layers form.

:ellular differentiation begins to form

organs during the third wee'.

(fter one month the embryo is * mm long

and composed mostly of paired somite
segments.

7uring the second month most of the ma?or

organ systems form, limb buds develop.
Stages of Development
Stages of Development

The First Trimester

&he embryo becomes a fetus by the seventh wee'.

0eginning the eighth wee', the sexually neutral

fetus activates gene pathways for sex
determination, forming testes in J@ fetuses and
ovaries in JJ fetuses. 2xternal genitalia develop.
Stages of Development
Stages of Development

The Second Trimester

&he fetus increases in size during this

trimester, and bony parts of the s'eleton
begin to form.

%etal movements can be felt by the mother.

Stages of Development
Stages of Development

The Last Trimester

7uring this trimester the fetus increases in size.

:irculatory and respiratory systems mature in

preparation for air breathing.

%etal growth during this time uses large parts of its

mother"s protein and calcium inta'e.

Maternal antibodies pass to the fetus during the

last month, conferring temporary immunity.
$irth
$irth

0irth is a positive feedbac' hormonal

mechanism. 7uring birth the cervix dilates to
allow passage of the fetus. >terine contractions
propel the fetus through the birth canal, usually
head first. #ormonal control of the birth
process involves the release of oxytocin and
prostaglandins, which are stimulated by uterine
contractions, which stimulate more hormones
that cause more contractions....etc.
$irth
$irth

First Stage !ilation stage

&he first stage of birth lasts from

beginning of contractions to the full (B+
cm) dilation of the cervix.

Membranes of the amniotic fluid

rupture, lubricating the vagina.
( brea'ing the water)
$irth
$irth

Second Stage E"pulsion stage

Strong uterine contractions of a minute in

duration separated by two to three minute
intervals propel the fetus down the birth
canal.

(bdominal muscles relax in synchrony with

the uterine contractions.

4ertex position/ head9first

0reech/ buttoc's9 first

$irth
$irth

Third Stage Placental stage

(fter delivery of the baby, the umbilical

cord is clipped and cut.

&he placenta (or afterbirth) in expelled

through the vagina.
$irth
$irth

Milk Production

<ursing mothers have their hormone levels and

uterine size return to normal much faster than
non9nursing mothers. 0reasts develop the
capability for mil' secretion about the mid point
of pregnancy. Secretion of mil' does not occur
until delivery, and the action of prolactin.
Suc'ling by the infant causes production of
oxytocin to promote release of mil' into the
ducts emptying into the nipple.