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Disease and the Immune

System
Dr sudhir badlani
Disease
is any change, other than an injury, that
disrupts the normal functioning of the body. It is
the inability to maintain homeostasis.
Causes
1. Inheritance: sickle-cell anemia,
hemophilia
2. Toxic Substances: cigarette smoke,
alcohol
3. Poor Nutrition: ricketts, anorexia, scurvy
4. Organ Malfunction: heart disease,
diabetes
5. Personal Behavior: drug addiction,
alcoholism
Causes continued
6. Pathogens: organisms that enter the
body and cause infectious diseases
Antigens
Toxins that pathogens produce that cause
harm to an organism.

a) Virus
Protein shell
DNA or RNA
Examples of Viruses
Virus uses the host cell to reproduce

Examples of diseases caused by viruses:
mono, flu, common cold, chicken pox,
small pox, pertussis, AIDS
AIDS
small pox
chicken pox
6. Pathogens continued:
b) Bacteria: Tuberculosis, E. coli, cholera,
tetanus

tuberculosis
E. coli
cholera
tetanus
c) Fungi: ringworm, athletes foot, jock
itch
ringworm
athletes foot
d) Parasites: lice, malaria, dysentery, tapeworm,
schistosomiasis

lice
malaria in red
blood cells
Amoebic
dysentery
tapeworm
schistosomiasis
What is Immunity?
Immunity
Immunity
The ability of the body to
fight infection and/or
foreign invaders by
producing antibodies or
killing infected cells.
Immune System
The system in the body
responsible for
maintaining homeostasis
by recognizing harmful
from nonharmful
organisms and produces
an appropriate response.
Parts of the Immune System
1. Blood - White Blood Cells in
particular.
2. Lymph nodes
3. Thymus Gland Produces T
Lymphocytes
4. Bone Marrow Produces B
Lymphocytes
How does the body fight infection/foreign
invaders?
The Bodys THREE lines of
Defense
First Line of Defense
The Skin
Provides Physical and Chemical
barriers
Physical hard to penetrate, made
of indigestible keratin
Chemical tears, sweat
Second Line of Defense
Nonspecific Immune Response

These are defenses the body uses
no matter what the invader may
be.
These defenses include:
Natural Cell Killers
Phagocytosis done by
Macrophages
Inflammation - caused by
release of Histamine from
leukocytes
Fever caused by histamines.
The fever (high temp) kills
invaders by denaturing their proteins.

This is a specific response to
a specific pathogen/antigen.
The response involves the
creation of Antibodies.
Third Line of Defense Specific
Immune Response
Antibodies
Y-shaped protein molecule.
Made up of variable and
constant regions.
Made up of Heavy and Light
chains.
Produced by B-Lymphocytes
Function: Recognize antigens,
bind to and deactivate them.
Note: Variable region recognizes
the anitgens.

How an antibody operates/works?
Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.
The Pathway of Specific Immune
Response
Pathogens
Pathogens eaten by Macrophage
Displays portion of Pathogen
on surface
Helper-T cell recognizes
Pathogen
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Activates B- Cell
Activates Cytotoxic
T- Cell
Memory B-Cell
Memory T-Cell
Kills Infected Cells
Antibodies
Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity
Carried out by T-Cells
Infected cells are
killed by Cytotoxic T
Cells.
Carried out by B-cells
Antibodies are
produced and
dumped into blood
stream.
Antibodies bind to
antigens and
deactivate them.
Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity
Immune Response Explained
1. Antigen infects cells.
2. Macrophage ingests antigen
and displays portion on its
surface.
3. Helper T- Cell recognizes
antigen on the surface of the
macrophage and becomes
active.
Active Helper T-Cell
activates Cytotoxic T-Cells
and B-Cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into
Active Cytotoxic T-cells and
Memory T Cells.
Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill
infected cells.

At the same time, B-Cells divide
into Plasma Cells and Memory
B- Cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies
that deactivate pathogen.
Memory T and Memory B cells
remain in the body to speed up
the response if the same antigen
reappears.
Suppressor T-Cells stop the
immune response when all
antigens have been destroyed.

Immune Response Summary
Antigen
Macrophage
Helper T - Cell
Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Active B - Cell
Kills Infected Cells Memory T- Cell Plasma Cell Memory B-Cell
Antibodies
Deactivates Antigens
Displays copy of antigen
on surface of cell
Cellular Immunity
Antibody Immunity
Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response
This is a response to an
invader the First time the
invader infects the body.
No measurable immune
response for first few days.
Next 10 15 days antibody
production grows steadily

Secondary Immune
Response
A more rapid response to an
invader the 2
nd
time it invades
the body.
Antibody production increases
dramatically and in a much
shorter time period
Primary .vs. Secondary Immune
Response
Passive .vs. Active Immunity
1. Active Immunity
This is immunity where the body is
actively producing antibodies to
fight infection.
Ex: You have a throat infection and
you are actively creating antibodies
to fight it.
Vaccination: An injection of a weakened
strain of an infectious microbe (pathogen)
that causes the body to undergo active
immunity (produce antibodies).
1. Passive Immunity
This is immunity where antibodies
are given to a person from the blood
of another person or animal.
This immunity only lasts for a short
period of time.
ex: Breastfeeding mothers pass
antibodies to their children through
the milk.
ex: Vaccines against tropical
diseases like cholera & typhoid

Man-made treatments for diseases
Antibiotics
Produced by certain organisms that destroy
bacteria. Can slow down reproduction
Ex. Penicillin, made from a kind of mold,
interferes with the production of the cell walls of
the bacteria

Cannot be used against viruses. Some
drugs can be used that interrupt the viruses
life cycle, so prevents virus from entering the
host cells.
Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune diseases are diseases where
the immune system begins to attack itself.
Ex:
Rheumatoid Arthritis crippling disease of
the joints.
Lupus disease of blood and organs.
Multiple Sclerosis disease of nervous
system

Cause(s): unknown
Cures/Treatments: No known cures.
Usually treated with drugs.
HIV and
AIDS
HIV particles
(grey) covering a
white blood cell.
HIV History
HIV is thought to have entered into humans
somewhere between 1914 and 1940.
In 1983, a retrovirus, now called human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), had been identified
as the cause of AIDS.
The HIV antibody test has be used to screen all
blood supplies in the U.S. since 1985.
People receiving blood or blood products before
1985 may have been infected.

HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV infects the immune
system cell called the Helper
T cells (-most important
white blood cell involved in
identifying infections.)

AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
The immune crippling disease
caused by the HIV virus in which
the body becomes unable to
protect itself against any
secondary infections.

Body Fluids with High Concentrations of
HIV
Blood
Semen/Vaginal fluids
(as high as blood)
Breast milk
Pus from sores
Low concentrations of HIV
It is highly unlikely you will be infected if
you come into contact with:
Sweat
Tears
Urine
Saliva (-highly possible if blood from
mouth sores is present)
How is HIV Spread?
ANY type of sexual activity (highest risk)
Sharing used drug needles
Pregnancy-from mother to child
Sharing razors- if blood is present
Kissing- if even the smallest amount of
blood is present. (-membranes of mouth
are thin enough for HIV to enter straight
into the body.)
Tattoos/body piercing if equipment is not
clean.
How is HIV not spread?
Shaking hands
Hugging
Swimming pools
Toilet seats
Insect bites
Donating blood
Can HIV be cured?
NO! Drugs are available to manage the
disease, but HIV stays in the body forever!
PROBLEM: RNA viruses mutate at a very
high rate. A person with HIV under control
can evolve resistance to the drug
treatments.
Some infected persons have several
strains of HIV in their bodies.

What does HIV look like?
Initial infection- flu like symptoms a few
weeks after infection.
Stage 1-HIV positive with no symptoms-
can stay at this stage for up to 10 years,
but still can pass on the virus.
Stage 2-HIV positive with symptoms- at
this point the person is said to have AIDS.
Symptoms include:
swollen glands, chronic diarrhea, loss of weight
and appetite, fever, fatigue, skin rashes
(lesions), night sweats, oral thrush. Life
expectancy: 2 to 5 years.
Death and AIDS
Stage III-Full blown AIDS-
Person dies of rare opportunistic
infections that take advantage the
weakened immune system:
Person dies in a matter of months.
AIDS related illnesses include rare
cancers and Pneumonia.

Stages of HIV Infection

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