Risk Control

OSHA Office of Training and Education 1

OSHA Office of Training and Education 2
Protecting Employees from
Workplace Hazards
Employers must protect employees from hazards
such as falling objects, harmful substances, and
noise exposures that can cause injury
Employers must:
Use all feasible engineering and work practice
controls to eliminate and reduce hazards
Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if the
controls dont eliminate the hazards.
PPE is the last level of control!
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Protecting Employees from
Workplace Hazards
- How do I identify potential hazards in my
workplace?
- Begin with a survey. Observe the work
environment. Ask employees how they perform
their tasks. Look for sources of potential injury
such as:
- Objects that might fall from above.
- Exposed pipes or beams at work level.
- Exposed liquid chemicals.
- Sources of heat, intense light, noise, or dust.
- Equipment or materials that could produce
flying particles.
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Engineering Controls
Engineering controls consist of substitution,
isolation, ventilation and equipment modification.
If . . .
The work environment can be physically
changed to prevent employee exposure to the
potential hazard,
Then . . .
The hazard can be eliminated with an
engineering control
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Engineering Controls
Initial design specifications
Substitute less harmful material
Change process
Enclose process
Isolate process
Examples . . .
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Work Practice Controls
If . . .
Employees can change the way they do their
jobs and the exposure to the potential hazard
is removed,
Then . . .
The hazard can be eliminated with a work
practice control
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Work Practice Controls -- Examples
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Work Practice Controls -- Examples
Job rotation only reduces exposure it does not eliminate
the hazard.

Wet methods suppress dust.

Housekeeping and maintenance are essential tools in
eliminating hazards such as slips, trips and falls.

Personal hygiene is very important when working in areas
where toxic substances such as lead or asbestos are
present. Good hygiene practices can prevent the spread
of toxic materials to your family.
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Responsibilities
Employer
Assess workplace for hazards
Provide PPE
Determine when to use
Provide PPE training for employees and
instruction in proper use
Employee
Use PPE in accordance with training
received and other instructions
Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and
reliable condition
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OSHA Office of Training and Education 11
Personal Protective
Equipment
Subpart I
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Personal Protective
Equipment
PPE is all equipment (including
clothing for the protection
against the weather) which is
intended to be worn or held by a
person at work and which
protects them against one or
more risks to their health or
safety.
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Responsibilities
Employer
Assess workplace for hazards
Provide PPE
Determine when to use
Provide PPE training for employees and
instruction in proper use
Employee
Use PPE in accordance with training
received and other instructions
Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and
reliable condition
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Examples of PPE
Eye safety glasses, goggles
Face face shields
Head hard hats
Feet safety shoes
Hands and arms gloves
Bodies vests
Hearing earplugs, earmuffs
Body Part Protection
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PPE Program
Includes procedures for selecting,
providing and using PPE
First -- assess the workplace to determine
if hazards are present, or are likely to be
present, which necessitate the use of PPE
After selecting PPE, provide training to
employees who are required to use it
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Training
Why it is necessary
How it will protect them
What are its limitations
When and how to wear
How to identify signs of wear
How to clean and disinfect
What is its useful life & how
is it disposed
If employees are required to use PPE, train them:
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Head Protection
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Causes of Head Injuries
Falling objects such
as tools
Bumping head
against objects,
such as pipes or
beams
Contact with
exposed electrical
wiring or
components
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Selecting the Right Hard Hat
Class A or G
General service (building construction,
shipbuilding, lumbering)
Good impact protection but limited voltage
protection
Meet ANSI Z89.1 specifications
Class B or E
Electrical / Utility work
Protects against falling objects and high-voltage
shock and burns
Electrical hazards meet ANSI Z89.2
Class C
Designed for comfort, offers limited protection
Protects against bumps from fixed objects, but
does not protect against falling objects or electrical
shock
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Hard Hat Suspension System
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Class C Class B or E Class A or G
They protect
workers from
bumping against
fixed objects but
do not protect
against falling
objects or electric
shock.
They protect
against falling
objects and high-
voltage shock
and burns.
General service.
good impact
protection but
limited voltage
protection.
Description
N/A 20000 Volt 3 Min. 2200 Volt 1 Min.
Electrical
Isolation
850 lb 1000 lb 850 lb 1000 lb 850 lb 1000 lb
Impact Resist
7/16 inch. 3/8 inch. 3/8 inch.
Penetration
Resist
ANSI STANDARDS
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Eye Protection
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When must Eye Protection be Provided?
When any of these hazards are present:
Dust and other flying particles, such as
metal shavings or sawdust
Corrosive gases, vapors, and liquids
Molten metal that may splash
Potentially infectious materials such as
blood or hazardous liquid chemicals that
may splash
Intense light from welding and lasers
Shall meet ANSI Z87.1 specifications
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Eye Protection
Criteria for Selection
Protects against specific hazard(s)
Comfortable to wear
Does not restrict vision or movement
Durable and easy to clean and disinfect
Does not interfere with the function of
other required PPE
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Eye Protection for Employees
Who Wear Eyeglasses
Ordinary glasses do not provide the required protection
Proper choices include:
Prescription glasses with side shields and protective
lenses
Goggles that fit comfortably over corrective glasses
without disturbing the glasses
Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted
behind protective lenses
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Safety Glasses
Made with metal/plastic safety frames
Most operations require side shields
Used for moderate impact from particles
produced by jobs such as carpentry,
woodworking, grinding, and scaling
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Goggles
Protects eyes and area around the eyes
from impact, dust, and splashes
Some goggles fit over corrective lenses
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Safety Goggles
Ventilation holes.
Ventilation valves.
No ventilation holes.
complete sealed.
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Safety Goggles
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Laser Safety Goggles
Protects eyes from intense concentrations
of light produced by lasers
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Face Shields
Full face protection
Protects face from dusts and splashes or sprays
of hazardous liquids
Does not protect from impact hazards
Wear safety glasses or goggles underneath
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Welding Shields
Protects eyes against
burns from radiant
light
Protects face and eyes
from flying sparks,
metal spatter, & slag
chips produced during
welding, brazing,
soldering, and cutting
Lenses are changeable
according to electrod
type & diameter.

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Filter Lens Shade Number Guide
Welding Operation Shade Number
Shield Metal Arc Welding up to 4 mm electrode 10
Shield Metal Arc Welding (4.8 to 6.4 mm) electrodes 12
Shield Metal Arc Welding (6.4 mm) electrode 14
Gas Metal Arc Welding (Nonferrous) 11
Gas Metal Arc Welding (ferrous) 12
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 12
Carbon Arc Welding 10 14
Torch Soldering 2
Torch Brazing 3 or 4
Light cutting up to 25 mm 3 or 4
Medium cutting 25 to 150 mm 4 or 5
Heavy cutting over 150 mm 5 or 6
Gas welding (light) up to 3.2 4 or 5
Gas welding (medium) 3.2 to 12.7 5 or 6
Gas welding (heavy) over 12.7 6 or 8
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Hearing Protection
OSHA Office of Training and Education 38
Noise - Unwanted Sound Annoyance, Interfere with Speech or
Communication, and/or Cause Hearing Impairment.
Too much Noise damages the hair Cells in the Inner Ear.
Long Exposure to Noise can Cause Permanent Hearing
Loss.( no recovery).
So it is highly recommended to use Hearing Protectors to reduce
noise to permissible level (less than 90 dB).

Hearing Protection
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Hearing Protection
When its not feasible
to reduce the noise or
its duration use ear
protective devices

Ear protective devices
must be fitted

Plain cotton is not an
acceptable protective
device.

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When Must Hearing Protection
be Provided?
After implementing engineering and
work practice controls

When an employees noise exposure
exceeds an 8-hour time-weighted
average (TWA) sound level of 90 dBA
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Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps
Examples of Hearing Protectors
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Ear Plugs
Mount into ear canal.
Foam, Molded, Pre-
Molded, or Custom
Reduce noise amount
of 20-30 dB.
Used in places with
85-115 dB Noise.
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Ear Muffs
Cover all the outer
ear.
Reduce noise amount
of 15-35 dB.
Used in places with
90-120 dB Noise.

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Foot Protection
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When Must Foot Protection be
Provided?
When any of these are present:
Heavy objects such as barrels or tools
that might roll onto or fall on employees
feet
Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that
might pierce ordinary shoes
Molten metal that might splash on feet
Hot or wet surfaces
Slippery surfaces
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Safety Shoes
Impact-resistant toes and heat-
resistant soles protect against hot
surfaces common in roofing and
paving
Some have metal insoles to
protect against puncture wounds
May be electrically conductive for
use in explosive atmospheres, or
nonconductive to protect from
workplace electrical hazards
Safety-toe footwear shall meet
ANSI Z41.1 specifications
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Hand Protection
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When Must Hand Protection be
Provided?
Burns
Bruises
Abrasions
Cuts
Punctures
Fractures
Amputations
Chemical Exposures
When any of these are present:
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What Kinds of Protective
Gloves are Available?
Durable gloves made of metal mesh, leather, or
canvas
Protects from cuts, burns, heat
Fabric and coated fabric gloves
Protects from dirt and abrasion
Chemical and liquid resistant gloves
Protects from burns, irritation, and dermatitis
Rubber gloves
Protects from cuts, lacerations, and abrasions

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Butyl provides the
highest permeation
resistance to gas or water
vapors
Types of Rubber Gloves
Nitrile protects against
solvents, harsh
chemicals, fats and
petroleum products and
also provides excellent
resistance to cuts and
abrasions.
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Kevlar protects against
cuts, slashes, and
abrasion
Stainless steel mesh
protects against cuts
and lacerations
Other Types of Gloves
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Body Protection
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Major Causes of Body Injuries
Intense heat
Splashes of hot metals and other hot
liquids
Impacts from tools, machinery, and
materials
Cuts
Hazardous chemicals
Radiation
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Body Protection
Criteria for Selection
Provide protective clothing for parts of the
body exposed to possible injury
Types of body protection:
Vests
Aprons
Jackets
Coveralls
Full body suits
Coveralls
59
Sleeves and Apron
Body Protection
Full Body Suit
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Summary
Assess the workplace for hazards
Use engineering and work practice controls to
eliminate or reduce hazards before using PPE
Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from
hazards that cannot be eliminated
Inform employees why the PPE is necessary, how
and when it must be worn
Train employees how to use and care for their PPE,
including how to recognize deterioration and failure
Require employees to wear selected PPE
Employers must implement a PPE program where they: