ESS2220 10to11

Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Diodes
Diodes
1. Understand diode operation and select diodes for various
applications.
2. Analyze nonlinear circuits using the graphical load-line
technique.
3. Analyze and design simple voltage-regulator circuits.
4. Solve circuits using the ideal-diode model and
pieceise-linear models.
!. Understand various rectifier and ave-shaping circuits.
". Understand small-signal equivalent circuits.
2
10. Diodes Basic Diode Concepts
10.1 Basic Diode Concepts
10.1.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors
* Energy Diagrams Insulator, Semiconductor, and Conductor
the energy diagram for the three types of solids
3
* Intrinsic (pure) Si Semiconductor:
Thermal Excitation, Electron!ole "air, #ecom$ination,
and E%uili$rium
) cm 10 5 ~ is
density atom crystal Si : Note (
K 300 at crystal Si intrinsic for
cm 10 1.5 p n
density hole density electron
: reached is
ion recombinat and excitation
beteen m e!"ilibri" #hen
3 $ %%
3 $ 10
i i
4
*&pply a 'oltage across
a piece of Si:
electron current
and hole current
5
10.1.2 N- and P- Type Semiconductors
* Doping: adding of impurities (i(e(, dopants) to the intrinsic semi
conductor material(
* N-type: adding )roup * dopant (or donor) such as &s, ", S$,+
( )
carrier caha&e minor the hole
carrier char&e ma'or the electron
call #e
p p ( n N n
n conceratio donor the N n
material type $ n )n
10 1.5 p n p n
300K at Si *or
ctor semicond" a for constant p n
i i d
d
%
10 %
i
%
i
<< >>

6
10.1.2 N- and P- Type Semiconductors
* Doping: adding of impurities (i(e(, dopants) to the intrinsic semi
conductor material(
* P-type: adding )roup III dopant (or acceptor) such as &l, ,, )a,+
( )
carrier caha&e minor the electron
carrier char&e ma'or the hole
call #e
n n ( p N p
n conceratio acceptor the N p
material type $ p )n
10 1.5 p n p n
300K at Si *or
ctor semicond" a for constant p n
i i a
a
%
10 %
i
%
i
<< >>

7
10.1.3 The PN-unction
* The interface in$et-een ptype and ntype material is called a
pn-junction(
. + ( , as : 300K at
-e for 0.3+ and Si for 0..+ / . 0 + potential barrier ,he
0
0

8
10.1.! Biasin" the PN-unction
* There is no mo'ement of charge
through a pn.unction at
e%uili$rium(
* The pn.unction form a diode
-hich allo-s current in only
one direction and pre'ent the
current in the other direction as
determined $y the bias(
9
*#or$ard Bias: dc voltage positive terminal connected to the p
region and negative to the n region( It is the condition that
permits current through the pn.unction of a diode(
10
*#or$ard Bias: dc voltage positive terminal connected to the p
region and negative to the n region( It is the condition that
permits current through the pn.unction of a diode(
11
*#or$ard Bias:
12
*%e&erse Bias: dc voltage negative terminal connected to the p
region and positive to the n region( Depletion region widens
until its potential difference e%uals the $ias 'oltage, majority-
carrier current ceases(
13
*%e&erse Bias:
majority-carrier current ceases(
* !o-e'er, there is still a 'ery
small current produced $y
minority carriers(
14
* %e&erse Brea'do$n( &s re'erse 'oltage reach certain
'alue, a'alanche occurs and generates large current(
15
10.1.) The Diode Characteristic I-* Cur&e
16
10.1.+ Shoc',ey -.uation
* The Shoc/ley e%uation is a theoretical
result under certain simplification:
0 1 hen applicable not is e!"ation ,his
+ n
1
exp ) i 0.1+( 1 hen
2 10 1./0 ! constant( s 0olt3man4 the is 5
1olta&e thermal the is 300K at 0.0%/+
!
, 5
+
t( coefficien emission the is % to 1 n c"rrent(
n sat"ratio (re1erse) the is 300K at 6 10 ) here
1
+ n
1
exp ) i
7
,
7
s 7 7
18 $
,
19 $
s
,
7
s 7
<
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
17
10. Diodes /oad-/ine 0na,ysis o1 Diode Circuits
10.2 /oad-/ine 0na,ysis o1 Diode Circuit
e!"ations. K+: or K2: rite to diffic"lt is )t
1
+ n
1
exp ) i : diode a is there hen b"t
(...
dt
di
: 1 (
dt
d1
2 i i;( 1 "se can #e
,
7
s 7
1
]
1
,
_

6nalysis< :ine $ :oad <
the perform can e
&i1en( is diode the
of c"r1e + $ ) the )f
1 i ; +
: &i1es K+:
shon( circ"it the *or
7 7 SS
+
18
-2amp,e 10.1- /oad-/ine 0na,ysis
point) $ (= point operatin& the at
1olta&e and c"rrent diode the : *ind
diode the of c"r1e + $ ) the
( > 15 ; %+( + : -i1en
SS

m6 1.3 i +( 0..0 +
point operatin& the at
analysis line $ load perform
1 i 1000 %
i.e.( ( 1 i ; +
7= 7=
7 7
7 7 SS

+
+
19
-2amp,e 10.2 - /oad-/ine 0na,ysis
1olta&e and c"rrent diode the : *ind
diode the of c"r1e + $ ) the
( 5 10 ; +( 10 +ss : -i1en

m6 0.83 i +( 0./? +
analysis line $ load perform
1 i 105 10
i.e.( ( 1 i ; +
7= 7=
7 7
7 7 SS

+
+
20
10. Diodes 3ener Diode *o,ta"e-%e"u,ator Circuits
10.3 3ener-Diode *o,ta"e-%e"u,ator Circuits
10.3.1 The 3ener Diode
* ener diode is designed for operation in the re'erse$rea/do-n
region(
* The brea!down voltage is controlled $y the doping le'el "-#$% & to
-'(( &)(
* The ma.or application of 0ener diode is to pro'ide an output
reference that is sta$le despite changes in input 'oltage
po-er supplies, 'oltmeter,+
21
10. Diodes 3ener-Diode *o,ta"e-%e"u,ator Circuits
10.3.2 3ener-Diode *o,ta"e-%e"u,ator Circuits
* Sometimes, a circuit that produces constant output 'oltage -hile
operating from a 'aria$le supply 'oltage is needed( Such circuits
are called voltage regulator(
* The 0ener diode has a $rea/do-n 'oltage e%ual to the desired
output 'oltage(
* The resistor limits the diode current to a safe 'alue so that 0ener
diode does not o'erheat(
22
-2amp,e 10.3 3ener-Diode *o,ta"e-
%e"u,ator Circuits
)ctual ener diode
per*orms much better+
+ %0 +
and + 15 + for 1olta&e o"tp"t the : *ind
15 ; c"r1e( + $ ) diode @ener the : -i1en
SS
SS

o
SS o
SS o
7 7 SS
1 in chan&e 0.5+
inp"t in chan&e 5+
+ %0 + for + 10.5 1
+ 15 + for + 10.0 1
: ha1e e point $ = the *rom
0 1 i ; +
: line load the &i1es K+:

+ +
23
10.3.3 /oad-/ine 0na,ysis o1 Comp,e2 Circuits
* 1se the The'enin E%ui'alent
24
-2amp,e 10.! 3ener-Diode *o,ta"e-%e"u,ator $ith a /oad
S :
: SS
) c"rrents so"rce and 1 1olta&e load the : *ind
/5 ; ( 1.%5 ; %9+( + c"r1e( + $ ) diode @ener : -i1en
m6 11./. )A; 1 $ (+ )
+ 10.0 $1 1
0 1 i ; +
5 1
; ;
; ;
; ( + %0
; ;
;
+ + B!"i1alent ,he1enin 6pplyin&
: SS S
7 :
7 7 , ,
:
:
,
:
:
SS ,

+ +
+

+

25
4ui5 -2ercise 10.)
100m6 i and %0m6( i 0( i for 1 1olta&e o"tp"t the : *ind
shon. as c"r1e + $ ) doide @ener the and circ"it the : -i1en
: : : o

26
10. Diodes Idea,-Diode 6ode,
10.! Idea,-Diode 6ode,
* )raphical loadline analysis is too cum$ersome for complex circuits,
* 2e may apply 3Ideal-Diode ,odel4 to simplify the analysis:
(5) in for-ard direction: short-circuit assumption, 6ero 'oltage drop7
(8) in re'erse direction: open-circuit assumption(
* The idealdiode model can $e used -hen the for-ard 'oltage drop and
re'erse currents are negligi$le(
27
10.! Idea,-Diode 6ode,
* In analysis of a circuit containing diodes, -e may not /no- in
ad'ance which diodes are on and which are o**(
* 2hat -e do is first to ma/e a guess on the state of the diodes in
the circuit:
CBS< 6:: < "ntil iterates
&"ess.... another ma5e CBS 6:: not
0)N-DE CBS 6::
ne&ati1e is 1 if chec5 : diodes< off ass"med < *or (%)
positi1eF is i if chec5 : diodes< on ass"med < (1)*or
7
7

28
-2amp,e 10.) 0na,ysis 7y 0ssumed Diode States
on 7 off( 7
ass"me (1)
% 1
on 7 and off is 7 ass"min& by circ"it the 6nalysis
% 1
DKE not .+ 1
DKE 0.5m6 i

71
7%
off 7 on( 7
ass"me (%)

% 1
DKE + $3 1
DKE m6 1 i
7%
71

29
4ui5 -2ercise 10.8c
* 9ind the diode states $y using idealdiode model( Starting $y
assuming $oth diodes are on(
on 7
on 7
ass"me (1)
9
3

DK m6( /.. i
DK not m6( $1.. i

9 7
3 7

on 7 and off 7 ass"me (%)
9 3
DK +( $5 1
DK m6( 5 i
3 7
9 7

30
10. Diodes Piece$ise-/inear Diode 6ode,s
10.) Piece$ise-/inear Diode 6ode,s
10.).1 6odi1ied Idea,-Diode 6ode,
* This modified idealdiode model is usually accurate enough in
most of the circuit analysis(
31
10. Diodes Piece$ise-/inear Diode 6ode,s
10.).2 Piece$ise-/inear Diode 6ode,s
a a
+ i ; 1 +
32
10. Diodes %ecti1ier Circuits
10.+ %ecti1ier Circuits
* -ecti*iers con'ert ac po-er to dc po-er(
* #ectifiers form the $asis for electronic po-er suppliers and $attery
charging circuits(
10.+.1 9a,1-:a&e %ecti1ier
33
; Battery-Char"in" Circuit
* The current flo-s only in the direction that charges the $attery(
34
; 9a,1-:a&e %ecti1ier $ith Smoothin" Capacitor
* To place a large capacitance across the output terminals:
35
10.+.2 #u,,-:a&e %ecti1ier Circuits
* Center-.apped /ull-0ave -ecti*ier t-o half-a'e rectifier -ith outof
phase source 'oltages and a common ground(
* 2hen upper source supplies 3:4 'oltage to diode &,
the lo-er source supplies 34 'oltage to diode ,7
and 'ice 'ersa(
* 2e can also smooth the output $y using a large capacitance(
36
10.+.2 #u,,-:a&e %ecti1ier Circuits
* The Diode-1ridge /ull-0ave -ecti*ier:
A#$ %#&
37
10. Diodes :a&e-Shapin" Circuits
10.< :a&e-Shapin" Circuits
10.<.1 C,ipper Circuits
* & portion of an input signal -a'eform is 3clipped4 off(
38
10. Diodes :a&e-Shapin" Circuits
10.< :a&e-Shapin"
Circuits
10.<.2 C,amper Circuits
* ;lamp circuits are used to
add a dc component to an
ac input -a'eform so that
the positi'e (or negati'e)
pea/s are 3clamped4 to a
specified 'oltage 'alue(
39
10. Diodes /inear Sma,,-Si"na, -.ui&a,ent Circuits
10.8 /inear Sma,,-Si"na, -.ui&a,ent Circuits
* In most of the electronic circuits, dc supply 'oltages are used to
bias a nonlinear de'ice at an operating point and a small signal
is in.ected into the circuits(
* 2e often split the analysis of such circuit into t-o parts:
(5) &naly6e the dc circuit to find operating point,
(8) &naly6e the small signal ( $y using the 3linear small-
signal e2uivalent circuit4()
40
10.8 /inear Sma,,-Si"na, -.ui&a,ent
Circuits
* ) diode in linear small-signal e2uivalent
circuit is simpli*ied to a resistor$
* 2e first determine the operating point
(or the 32uiescent point4 or 3 point) $y
dc $ias(
* 2hen small ac signal in.ects, it s-ings
the < point slightly up and do-n(
* If the signal is small enough, the
characteristic is straight(
1olta&e diode in chan&e small the is 1
c"rrent diode in chan&e small the is i
1
1 d
i d
i
7
7
7
=
7
7
7
,
_
=
7
7
1 d
i d
,
_
41
10.8 /inear Sma,,-Si"na, -.ui&a,ent
Circuits
=
7
7
1 d
i d
,
_
= 7
,
d
d
d
d
d d 7 7
d
7
7 7
=
7
7
7
1
=
7
7
d
)
+ n
r : ha1e e
e!"ation( Shoc5ley the applyin& by e( *"rthermor
r
1
i
: si&nals ac for ha1e e chan&es( small
denotin& 1 and i by 1 and i ;eplace
r
1
i 1
1 d
i d
i
: ha1e ill #e
1 d
i d
r
: as diode the of resistance dynamic the 7efine
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_

42
10.8 /inear Sma,,-Si"na,
-.ui&a,ent Circuits
* ,y using these t-o
e%uations, -e can treat
diode simply as a linear
resistor in small ac signal
analysis(
* =ote: &n ac 'oltage of fixed
amplitude produces
different ac current change
at different < point(
= 7
,
d
d
d
d
)
+ n
r (
r
1
i
43
10.8 /inear Sma,,-Si"na, -.ui&a,ent Circuits
current. and voltage diode ous instantane
total the represent i and v (3)
signals. sc small the represent i and v (2)
point. Q the at
signals dc the represent I and V (1)
D D
d d
DQ DQ
d DQ D
d DQ D
v V v
i I i
+
+
= 7
,
d
d
d
d
)
+ n
r (
r
1
i
44
*o,ta"e-Contro,,ed 0ttenuator
* The function of this circuit is to produce an output signal that is a 'aria$le
fraction of the ac input signal(
* T-o large coupling capacitors: $eha'e li/e short circuit for ac signal and
open circuit for dc, thus the < point of the diode is unaffected $y the ac
input and the load(
2 '
1
@
2
45
*o,ta"e-Contro,,ed 0ttenuator
= 7
,
d d 7=
)
+ n
r : diode the of r the then ( ) determine
point( = diode the find to analysis dc apply *irst
1
; ;
;
1
1
6 : di1ider 1olta&e on based (
r 1 ; 1 ; 1
1
;
si&nal.) ac for circ"it short a to e!"i1alent is so"rce 1olta&e dc the
1olta&e( ac no b"t c"rrent of component ac an has so"rce 1olta&e dc the : (note
: analysis si&nal ac small perform e Next(
p
p
in
o
1
d : 2
p
<
+

+ +
46
-2ercise 10.20 - *o,ta"e-Contro,,ed 0ttenuator
0.026V V with
I
V n
r
!
0.6 " V
I
point Q diode the #ind to anal$sis dc appl$ %irst
10.6V and 1.6 V #or & and
0.6V V assuming values point " Q the ' %ind
300( at 1 n diode ) 2* ! ! ) 100 ! ' +iven
,
Q D
,
d
-
-
DQ
- v
#
. -

p
p
in
o
v
d . -
p
! !
!
v
v
&
r 1 ! 1 ! 1
1
!
' anal$sis signal ac small per#orm we /e0t
+

+ +
Chapter 11: Amplifiers:

Chapter 11: Amplifiers:
Specifications and External Characteristics
Specifications and External Characteristics
48
11. 0mp,i1iers Basic 0mp,i1ier Concepts
11.1 Basic 0mp,i1ier Concepts
11.1.1 #or Startin"
* Ideally, an ampli*ier produces an output signal -ith identical -a'e
shape as the input signal $ut -ith a larger amplitude(
( ) ( )
+ain Voltage the is &
t v & t v
v
i v o

49
11.1.1 #or Startin"
; inverting and
non-inverting ampli*iers
50
11.1.1 #or Startin"
* >ften, one of the amplifier input
terminals and one of the output
terminals are connected to a
common ground(
* The common ground serve as the
return path for signal and the dc
po-er supply currents(
51
11.1.1 #or Startin"
* &nother example for common ground
52
11.1.2 *o,ta"e-0mp,i1ier 6ode,
* &mplification can $e modeled $y a controlled source(
0mp,i1ier
) & tham smaller is gain real the ' (note
gain voltage circuit " open the ' 1v v &
impedance) (or resistance output the is
terminals output the with series in ' !
terminals. input the into loo*ing when
seen resistance e2uivalent the is impedance) (or resistance input the ' !
vo
i oc vo
o
i
53
11.1.3 Current and *o,ta"e =ains
load. the through
#lowing current the is i
ampli#ier3 the o#
terminals input the into
delivered current the is i
o
i
vo v
i
o
v
.
i
v
i i
. o
i
o
i
i
o
i i
& gain voltage circuit " open the than smaller usuall$ is & gain voltage ,he
gain voltage the is
v
v
& where
!
!
&
! v
! v
i
i
& e %urthermor
i
i
& ' currents input and output 4etween ratio the is & gain current ,he

54
11.1.3 Po$er =ain
( )
.
i
2
v i v
i rms i rms
o rms o rms
i
o
rms rms
i
o
!
!
& & &
I V
I V
5
5
+ ' have we
I and V values rms the o# product the is power average the 6ince
5
5
+ ' power input the to power output the o# ratio the is gain power ,he

55
-2amp,e 11.1 Ca,cu,atin" 0mp,i1ier Per1ormance
gain power the and
gain current the #ind &lso
1V V & and 1V V &
gains voltage the %ind
i o v s o vs

( )
( )
( )
12
i v
7
.
i
v i
o v v s v
s i
i
v
i s i i
o
s
o
s v
8
. o
.
o v
i
. o . i vo
i
o
v
10 16 & & + 10 2
!
!
& &
& & & e##ect loading the to due ' /ote
9333
! !
!
&
)1! ! (! V
V
V
V
&
:000
: 2
:
10
! !
!
&
V
) ! 1(! ! V &
V
V
&

< <
+

56
11. 0mp,i1iers Cascade 0mp,i1iers
11.2 Cascade 0mp,i1iers
2 1 2 i 1 i i
2 o v 1 v o v
2 i
1 o
2 o v
1 i
2 i 2 o v
1 i
2 c o
o v
2 v 1 v v
2 i
2 o
1 i
1 o
01
2 o
1 i
1 o
1 i
2 o
v
+ + + & & & addition In
& & &
v
v
&
v
v &
v
v
&
& & &
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
&

57
-2amp,e 11.2 Ca,cu,atin" Per1ormance o1 Cascade 0mp,i1ier
9ind the current gain, 'oltage gain, and po-er gain
11
2 1
8
2 i 2 v 2
;
1 i 1 v 1
6
2 i 1 i i
.
2 i
2 v 2 i
9
2 i
1 i
1 v 1 i
2 v 1 v v
2 o .
.
2 vo 2 v
1 o 2 i
2 i
1 vo 1 v
10 629 . 9 + + +
10 ;9 . 3 & & + 10 9 . 1 & & +
10 ;9 & & & ;90
!
!
& & 10
!
!
& &
;900 & & & 90
! !
!
& & 190
! !
!
& &

+

+
1 . 2 i
! !
58
-2amp,e 11.3 Simp,i1ied 6ode, 1or 0mp,i1ier Cascade
3
2 o v 1 v o v
2 o v
1 o 2 i
2 i
1 o v 1 v
10 19 & & &
100 &
190
! !
!
& &

59
11. 0mp,i1iers Po$er Supp,ies and -11iciency
11. 3 Po$er Supp,ies and -11iciency
* The po-er gain of an amplifier is usually large, the additional
po-er is ta/en from the po-er supply(
100<
5
5
=
' ampli#ier an o# e##icienc$ ,he
carcuits internal
in dissipated power the is 5
signal output o# power the is 5
signal input o# power the is 5
5 5 5 5
' energ$ o# on -onservati
I V I V 5
is ampli#ier the to supplied
power average total ,he
s
o
d
o
i
d o s i
> >> & && s

+ +
+
60
11. 0mp,i1iers Po$er Supp,ies and -11iciency
-2amp,e 11.! 0mp,i1ier -11iciency
< 6 . 39
5
5
=
? 9 . 18 5 5 5 5
? 9 . 22 I V I V 5
? :
!
V
5
rms V :
! !
!
V & V
p? 10 ? 10
!
V
5
s
o
o i s d
> >> & && s
.
2
o
o
o .
.
i vo o
11
i
2
i
i

+
+

61
11. 0mp,i1iers 0dditiona, 0mp,i1ier 6ode,s
11.! 0dditiona, 0mp,i1ier 6ode,s
Current-0mp,i1ier 6ode,
models. two the #or
same the are ! and !
!
!
&
i
i
&
' gain current circuit short the
!
v &
i and
!
v
i
approach /orton vs. ,hevenin
o i
o
i
vo
i
osc
isc
o
i vo
osc
i
i
i

62
-2amp,e 11.) Trans1orm *o,ta"e-0mp,i1ier to
Current-0mp,i1ier 6ode,
3
o
i
vo
i
osc
isc
o
i vo
osc
i
i
i
10
!
!
&
i
i
&
!
v &
i and
!
v
i

63
11.! 0dditiona, 0mp,i1ier 6ode,s
Transconductance-0mp,i1ier 6ode,
Transresistance-0mp,i1ier 6ode,
i
osc
msc
1
i
-
i
osc
msc
i
1
;
64
11. 0mp,i1iers Idea, 0mp,i1iers
11.+ Idea, 0mp,i1iers
+ain@ Voltage Aa0imum
ma0 v & v 0 !
ma0. v v !
' &mpli#ier Voltage
i vo o o
s i i

+ain@ -urrent Aa0imum
ma0. i & i !
ma0. i i 0 !
' &mpli#ier -urrent
i sc i o o
sc i i i

65
11. 0mp,i1iers #re.uency %esponse
11.< #re.uency %esponse
4 .he gain o* an ampli*ier is a *unction o* *re2uency$
4 1oth amplitude and phase are a**ected$
-2amp,e 11.8
i
o
v
V
V
&
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d> 80 ) 100 log( 20 & log 20 &
shi#t. phase 89 a is there ' /ote
89 100
30 1 . 0
19 10
V
V
& 19 10 V 30 1 . 0 V
d> in amplitude the e0press and gain voltage comple0 the %ind
19 t B 2000 cos 10 t v ' is outpot the
30 t B 2000 cos 1 . 0 t v ' is ampli#ier certain a #or input ,he
v
d>
v
i
o
v o i
0
i

+

66
=ain as a #unction o1 #re.uency
67
0C Coup,ed 0mp,i1iers
The gain drops to 6ero at dc (lo- fre%uency)(
68
DC Coup,ed 0mp,i1iers
&mplifiers that are reali6ed as integrated circuits are often dc coupled,
$ecause capacitors or transformers can not $e fa$ricated in integrated
form(
69
9i"h-#re.uency Drop >11
* The small amount of capacitance in parallel or inductances in
series -ith the signal path in the amplifier circuit -ill cause the
gain of the amplifier to drop at high fre%uencies(

# as short #- B 11C2 # as open #. B C2
70
9a,1-Po$er #re.uencies and
Band$idth
* 1andwidth is the distance
$et-een the hal*-power
*re2uencies(
* !alfpo-er fre%uencies:
4 0ideband "1aseband5 )mp$
4 Narrowband "1andpass5
)mp$
d> "3.01 ) 2 20log(11
& #rom 3d> 2 1 & &
mid mid

71
11. 0mp,i1iers /inear :a&e1orm Distortion
11.8 /inear :a&e1orm Distortion
* Distortion may occur e'en though the amplifier is linear (i(e(, o$eys
superposition principle)(
0mp,itude Distortion
If a signal contains components of 'arious fre%uencies, the output
-a'eform may $e distorted due to the fre%uency response of the
amplifier gain(
72
Phase Distortion
* If the phase shift of an amplifier is not
proportional to the *re2uency, phase
distortion may occur(
( ) ( ) ( )
' gains the having s ampli#iier three and
t B 6000 cos t B 2000 cos 3 t v
' li*e input an have &ssume we
i

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

89 t B 6000 cos 10 89 t B 2000 cos 30 t v
139 t B 6000 cos 10 89 t B 2000 cos 30 t v
t B 6000 cos 10 t B 2000 cos 30 t v
' li*e loo* would output ,he
o-
o>
o&
73
11.8 /inear :a&e1orm Distortion
* In order to a'oid distortion:
(5) the magnitude of the gain must $e constant against fre%uency(
(8) The phase response must $e proportional to the fre%uency(
dela$@ time same ,he
1 ' 1
) D 1 D ( ,
B 2
) D 1 D ( E
' ,
B 2
E

,
B 2
E
' ,
B 2
E
t F ' t F
, ' , D ' D E ' E
1 2 1
2 1 1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
1 2 2 1 2 1

74
11. 0mp,i1iers Pu,se %esponse
11.? Pu,se %esponse
75
11. 0mp,i1iers Non,inear Distortion
11.10 Non,inear Distortion
76
11. 0mp,i1iers Di11erentia, 0mp,i1iers
11.11 Di11erentia, 0mp,i1iers
* & Differential amplifier has t-o input sources, the output 'oltage is
proportional to the difference $et-een the t-o input 'oltages(
=onin'erting input
In'erting input
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) t v & t v &
t v t v & t v
2 i d 1 i d
2 i 1 i d o

id d o
d
2 i 1 i id
v & v
' as ampli#ier il di##erenta a
o# output the write can ?e
gain il di##erenta the & and
v v v
' signal al di##erenti the De#ine

77
-,ectrocardio"ram
* The desired -a'eform is gi'en $y the difference $et-een the
potentials measured $y the t-o electrodes, i(e(, the output of an
ideal differential amplifier(
* 2hile $oth electrodes (also act li/e antennas) pic/ a common-
mode signal (noise) from the ?@ !6 po-er line:
) v " (v & v & v
i2 i1 d id d o

) G cos(3;;t V v ) G cos(3;;t V v
n n i2 n n i1
+ + + +
78
-,ectrocardio"ram
* Ideally, the commonmode signal -as nullified $y the differential amplifier(
* !o-e'er, real differential amplifier responds to $oth differentialmode and
commonmode signals:

Common-6ode %e@ection %atio AC6%%B(
* &t ?@ 67, C,-- of 58@ d1 is considered good(
) v " (v & v & v
i2 i1 d id d o

) G cos(3;;t V v
) G cos(3;;t V v
n n i2
n n i1
+ +
+ +
signal mode " common the v and signal mode " al di##erenti the is v
gain mode " common the is & where v & v & v
icm id
cm icm cm id d o
+
cm
d
&
&
log 20 -A!!
79
-2amp,e 11.12 Determination o1 6inimum C6%% Speci1ication
* 9ind the minimum C,-- for an electrocardiogram amplifier if the
differential gain is #(((, the desired differential input signal has a
pea/ amplitude of # m&, the commonmode signal is #(( &-pea!
8( 67 sine -a'e, and it is desired that output contain a pea/
commonmode signal that is #9 or less of the pea/ output caused
$y the differential signal(
d> 180 -A!! ' &ns
d> 180
10
1000
log 20
&
&
log 20 -A!!
10
V 100
V 01 . 0
& V 0.01 1< V 1 v pea*
V 1 v 1000 & mV 1 v pea*
8
cm
d
8
cm cm o
d o d d i
>
>
< <

ESS2220 10to11

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ESS2220 10to11

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 10

Chapter 11: Amplifiers:

S-ar putea să vă placă și