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GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES BY
GROUTING

BY
shashi
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
GROUT MATERIALS
TYPES OF GROUTING
GROUT INJECTION METHODS
GROUTING CONTROL
APPLICATIONS OF GROUT
CASE STUDIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
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What is ground improvement technique?
Ground improvement technique is the process of
improving the geo-technical characteristics of soil
used in construction
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TYPES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
COMPACTION PILE
BLASTING
PRE-COMPRESSION
STONE COLUMN
VIBROFLOATATION
GROUTING
ELECTRO OSMOSIS
THERMAL TREATMENT



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GROUTING
Grouting is a process where by fluid like material,
either in suspension or in solution form are injected
into subsurface soil or rock to achieve a decrease in
permeability and compressibility
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AIMS OF GROUTING
To decrease the permeability.
To increase the shear strength.
To decrease the compressibility
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GROUT PROVES MORE EFFECTIVE IN THE
FOLLOWING CASES
When the foundation has to be constructed below
ground water table.
When there is difficult to the foundation level (ex:
city work, tunnel shafts,sewers, subway
construction).
When the geometric dimensions of the
foundations are complicated and involved many
boundaries and contact zones.
When the adjacent structure require that the soil
of the foundation strata should not be excavated
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GROUT MATERIALS
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CLASSIFICATION OF GROUT MATERIALS
SUSPENSION GROUT
EMULSION GROUT
SOLUTION GROUT
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SUSPENSION GROUT
These grouts are suspensions of solid particles
like clay, cement, lime, asphalt emulsion etc, in
the water. These suspensions are injected into
soil mass to promote permeation. While doing the
permeation of suspension grout, importance has
to be given to the grout ability ratio (GR),
GR=(d
15
(Formation)/d
85
(Grout))>20
One of the most commonly adopted suspension
grout is cement grout
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EMULSION GROUT
These consists of emulsion of colloidal droplets of
liquid in a dispersed phase.
Ex: Bitumen, foams created by emulsifying a gas into
cement etc.
SOLUTION GROUT
The liquid homogeneous molecular mixtures of
two or more substances is solution grout.
Ex: sodium silicate, organic resins, and a wide
variety of chemical grouts
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PRINCIPLE TYPES OF GROUT
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LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL GROUT
With chemical grouts, toxicity and permanency
have also become an issue.
Permanency refers to the resistance against
mechanical deterioration due to freeze-thaw or
wetting and drying cycles and chemical degradation
by reaction with the ground water or soil constituents.
Toxicity refers to health hazards in handling the
grout and its effects on the quality of the groundwater
it is in contact with.
Unfortunately, the high-strength, high permanent
grouts seem to present the greatest risk with respect
to handling, ground water pollution, and corrosion
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TYPES OF GROUTING
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PENETRATION OR PERMREATION GROUTING
DEFINITION:
Penetration grouting describes the
process of filling joints or fractures
in rock or pore spaces in soil with a
grout without disturbing the
formation.
Advantages
Controlled and accurate placement.
Economical cost.
Significant and predictable degrees of
improvement.
Non-vibratory.
Limited workspace required
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COMPACTION GROUTING
The basic concept of
compaction grouting is
that of injecting a
growing bulb of grout
that acts as a radial
hydraulic jack,
displacing surrounding
soil particles and thus
radially compacting the
soil from the point of
injection
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Compaction Grouting Geo technical Consideration

The insitu vertical stress in the treatment stratum must
be sufficient to enable the grout to displace the soil
horizontally.
The grout injection rate should be slow enough to
allow pore pressure dissipation.
Collapsible soils can usually be treated effectively
with the addition of water during drilling prior to
compaction grout injection.
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Advantages of compaction grouting
Pinpoint treatment
Speed of installation
Effective in a variety of soil conditions
Can be performed in very tight access & low headroom
condition
Non-hazardous
No waste spoil disposal
Non-destructive & adaptable to exiting foundations
Able to reach depths unattainable by other methods


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HYDROFRACTURE GROUTING
Definition:
If the grouting pressure is greater
than the tensile strength of the soil
or rock being grouted, the soil or
rock fails resulting in fractured
zone. The grout penetrates this
fractured zone forming densified
region of soil or rock masses.

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Advantages of Hydro fracture grouting system
The control of settlement is carried out from
outside the building and hence there is no disruption
to the occupants
The process can be repeated allowing continued
control of settlement (if required)
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JET GROUTING
The ASCE Geotechnical Engineering Division Committee on
grouting defined Jet grouting as a technique utilizing a
special drill bit with horizontal and vertical high speed water
jets to excavate alluvial soils and produce hard impervious
column by pumping grout through the horizontal nozzles that
jets and mixes with foundation material as the drill bit is with
drawn.

Advantages
Nearly all soil types grout able
Designable strength & permeability
No harmful vibrations
Can be performed in limited workspace
Maintenance free
Safest method of under pinning construction
Much faster than alternative method

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METHODS OF GROUT
INJECTION
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1.Bottom-up grouting
In this method the casing is driven to full depth & is with
drawn to a specified elevation, then grout is injected. This
process continues upward to the surface of the material
grouted. Fig (a)
2.Sealed-in sleeve pipe injection:
This method allows several injection at the same elevation.
Injection is done by double packer, which is inserted in the
sleeve pipe to the desired location.Although the method is
more complicated than bottom up grouting & the initial cost
during drilling &The selection of different grout viscosities
as the grout take varies at different locations.Fig (b)
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3.Simultaneous drilling & grouting:
This method allows for injection during rotary drilling. At a
pre-determined distance, drill rod is withdrawn and the
grout is injected into the soil through a separate drill rod
.The process continues from the top downward. However
this method is only suitable for previous granular soil. Fig
(c).


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GROUTING CONTROL
Monitoring the grout taken as a function of pressure
Observing ground heave
Digging inspection pits
Retrieving Core samples for examination and laboratory
testing
Conducting borehole permeability tests.

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APPLICATIONS
Control of ground water during construction.
Void filling to prevent excessive settlement.
Strengthening adjacent foundation excavation, pile
drilling etc.
Soil strengthening to reduce lateral support requirements.
Stabilization of loose sands against liquefaction.
Foundation underpinning.
Reduction of machine foundation vibrations.


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CASE STUDIES
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CASE STUDY-1
For construction of a 20 ft (6m) deep railcar unloading pit within
an existing building, jet grouting performed three functions:
excavation support, underpinning, and grout control to meet
project performance objectives, a bathtub configuration was
constructed via perimeter wall of 20 ft deep, interconnected jet
grouted columns enclosing a 6ft thick jet grouted base.
The perimeter columns provided excavation support while those
at corners of pit also underpinned the existing adjacent footing.
The jet grouting program successfully prevent building
movement and vertical and horizontal ground water infiltration.

Kraft Foods Dover, Delaware
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CASE STUDY-2
Dalesford lake development Berwyn,Pennsylvania.
A luxury, four unit town house structure founded on timber
piles had exhibited structural distress related to sink hole
activity.Surface investigation revealed 5-30ft of
miscellaneous fill,including wood chips and building
materials, overlaying clay soil. Beneath this,pinnacled
karastic lime stone was encountered at depths ranging
between 10 and 30ft.Grout pipes were installed at 68
interior, low head room locations and 90 exterior locations,
to an average depth of 16 to 21ft. Compaction grouting was
performed to stabilize the driven pile foundation, re-
establish ground contact with the structure, and halt the soil
piping that had resulted from sink hole activity.The work
was successfully completed while the building remained
occupied.




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CONCLUSION
>Many engineers still consider this grouting technique as a
art rather than science.
>Its successful application requires great deal of
experience, thorough knowledge of geological condition
and awareness of equipment capabilities and limitations.
>The overall success of grouting technology is less than
50% of intended goals.


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REFERENCES
Koerner, R. M, (1985) construction and
Geotechnical Methods in Foundation Engineering,
McGraw Hill Book Company,Newyork.
Hausmann, M.R, (1990), Engineering Principles of
Ground Modification. McGraw Hill Publishing
Company, Newyork.
www.hayward baker.com

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