The SELF

Psychological Foundation of Behavior

MOTIVATION
Primary or Biological Needs, Psychological Needs, Sexual
Motivation and Sexuality
Motivation
Is the need or desire
to do something
It keeps us moving
Theories of Motivation
1. Evolutionary Perspective focuses on
our instincts
2. Drivereduction maintain a balance
between stimulation and relaxation
3. Optimal Arousal avoid both boredom
and stress
4. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Evolutionary Perspective
Focuses more on our instincts

Instincts innate drive to act a certain way
- complex unlearned behavior
that have a fixed pattern
throughout a specie (genetically)
Drive-Reduction
Focuses on our Psychological Need or
drive that simply compels us to reduce that
need.
Maintains Homoeostasis or our
psychological need

Incentives positive or negative stimuli
that either entice us or repel us
Optimal Arousal
3 big motivators
1.Sex influenced by our sex hormones and
influences
2.Hunger our basic needs
Ghrelin the one that indicates us if we
are hungry or not
3.Need to belong helps us to survive /
social life
Ancel Keys Minnesota Hunger
Experiment
The experiment includes 30 young healthy
men, which in Phase 1, in three months
they have normal calorie intake, in Phase
2, in six months they have calorie intake
and in Phase 3, in three months theyre
back to normal calorie intake. Which in the
phases, they are required to eat
vegetable, bread, pasta and they are
required to walk 32 miles plus work and
education 40 hours a week. They have a
Goal to have 25% drop in body weight
during starvation. The result of the
experiment is the men grew more obsessed
with foods, they have isolated themselves
with each other, and they had the motivation
to eat a lot after the experiment.
Social Needs to have balanced
with:
Our Autonomy

Sense of Personal Control

Both Connected and Independent
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Sexual Motivation
is one of the most important aspects of
humanity
Founded by Alfred Kinsey in the USA
Surveyed thousand of people of their sexual behaviors
Studied the number of people masturbating and having
pre-marital sex
attempted to use the scientific method to study sex and
He showed us that our perceptions about what others
are doing are a whole lot different than our reality.


Sexual Response Cycle


Physiological breakdown of sexual act

Founded by William Masters and Virginia
Johnson
Psychological Factors In Sexual
Motivation
Human sexual desire is not strictly motivated by
hormones
sexual motivation is controlled to a great extent by
psychological rather than biological sources.
Sexual desire can be present even when the
capacity to have sex is lost.
Accident victims who lose the ability to have sex
still have sexual desires.

Sexuality
Human sexuality is driven by genetics and
mental activity. Normative characteristics,
as well as social, cultural, educational, and
environmental characteristics of an
individual also moderate the sexual drive.
Central source of Human Personality
Focuses on psychological influences that
affect sexual behavior and experiences



EMOTIONS
Theories of Emotion, Aggression, Emotional and Motivational
Aspects
Emotion
"An emotion is a complex psychological
state that involves three distinct
components: a subjective experience,
a physiological response, and
a behavioralor expressive response.
The Subjective Experience
Events or situations that happens in our
lives.

example:
-everyday living
-winning a gold medal in a competition
-getting married
The Physiological Response
Physiological or physical reactions

example:
-sweating palms
-racing heartbeat
-rapid breathing
The Behavioral Response
Expression of emotions
overall body language

example:
-smiling
-frowning
Emotions Vs. Moods
Emotions
-short lived but intense
-have definite and identifiable cause

example:
when you argue with your friend over a topic
you would most likely to feel angry with
him/her for a while.
Emotions Vs. Moods
Moods
-milder than emotion, usually long lasting
-have no definite and identifiable cause

example:
You might feel gloomy for several days
without any clear and identifiable reasons.
Aggression
Aggression
-range of behaviors that can lead to both
physical and psychological harm to
oneself, others and environment.


Forms of Aggression
Physical Aggression
-aggressive actions involving physical
contact

examples:
-hitting
-pushing


Forms of Aggression
Verbal Aggression
-negative defining statement told to
someone
-negative way of communication

examples:
-threats
-teasing
-criticism


Forms of Aggression
Mental Aggression
-initiating hostilities or invasion

example:
-launching attacks


Forms of Aggression
Emotional Aggression
-triggers, amplifies and moderates
aggression




Purposes of Aggression
to express anger or hostility
to assert dominance
to intimidate or threaten
to achieve a goal
to express possession
response to fear
reaction to pain
compete with others
Theories of Emotion
The major theories of motivation can be grouped
into three main categories: physiological, neuro
Physiological theories suggest that responses
within the body are responsible for emotions.
Neurological theories propose that activity within
the brain leads to emotional responses. Finally,
cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other
mental activity play an essential role in the
formation of emotions.

The James-Lange Theory of
Emotion
The James-Lange theory is
one of the best-known
examples of a physiological
theory of emotion.
Independently proposed by
psychologist William
James and physiologist Carl
Lange, the James-Lange
theory of emotion suggests
that emotions occur as a
result of physiological
reactions to events.

According to this theory, you see
an external stimulus that leads
to a physiological reaction. Your
emotional reaction is dependent
upon how you interpret those
physical reactions. For example,
suppose you are walking in the
woods and you see a grizzly
bear. You begin to tremble and
your heart begins to race. The
James-Lange theory proposes
that you will interpret your
physical reactions and conclude
that you are frightened ("I am
trembling, therefore I am
afraid").

The Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotion
Another well-know physiological theory is
the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. This theory
states that we feel emotions and experience
physiological reactions such as sweating,
trembling and muscle tension simultaneously.
More specifically, it is suggested that emotions
result when the thalamus sends a message to
the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a
physiological reaction.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion,
the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a
cognitive theory of emotion. This theory
suggests that the physiological arousal occurs
first, and then the individual must identify the
reason behind this arousal in order to
experience and label it as an emotion.

PERSONALITY
Psychoanalysis, Developmental, Humanistic
Psychoanalysis
is a set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories
and associated techniques, originally popularized by
Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly
from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Since
then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised,
reformed and developed in different directions. This was
initially by Freud's colleagues and students, such as Alfred
Adler and Carl Gustav Jung who went on to develop their
own ideas independently from Freud. Later neo-
Freudians included Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Sullivan
and Jacques Lacan.

Basic Tenets
besides the inherited constitution of personality, a person's
development is determined by events in early childhood;
human attitude, mannerism, experience, and thought is largely
influenced by irrational drives;
irrational drives are unconscious;
attempts to bring these drives into awareness meet psychological
resistance in the form of defense mechanisms;
conflicts between conscious and unconscious, or repressed,
material can materialise in the form of mental or emotional
disturbances, for example: neurosis, neurotic
traits, anxiety, depression etc.;
the liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is
achieved through bringing this material into the conscious mind (via
e.g. skilled guidance, i.e. therapeutic intervention).
History
By 1900, Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic
significance, and generally were specific to the dreamer. Freud
formulated his second psychological theory which
hypothesises that the unconscious has or is a "primary process"
consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a
"secondary process" of logical, conscious thoughts. This theory
was published in his 1900 book, The Interpretation of
Dreams. Chapter VII was a re-working of the earlier "Project"
and Freud outlined his "Topographic Theory." In this theory,
which was mostly later supplanted by the Structural Theory,
unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System
Unconscious," unconscious due to society's condemnation of
premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety.

Self psychology
Self psychology emphasizes the development of a stable
and integrated sense of self through empathic contacts with
other humans, primary significant others conceived of as
"selfobjects." Selfobjects meet the developing self's needs
for mirroring, idealization, and twinship, and thereby
strengthen the developing self. The process of treatment
proceeds through "transmuting internalizations" in which
the patient gradually internalizes the selfobject functions
provided by the therapist. Self psychology was proposed
originally by Heinz Kohut, and has been further developed
by Arnold Goldberg, Frank Lachmann, Paul and Anna
Ornstein, Marian Tolpin, and others.

Interpersonal
psychoanalysis
Interpersonal psychoanalysis accents the nuances of
interpersonal interactions, particularly how individuals
protect themselves from anxiety by establishing collusive
interactions with others, and the relevance of actual
experiences with other persons developmentally (e.g.
family and peers) as well as in the present. This is
contrasted with the primacy of intrapsychic forces, as in
classical psychoanalysis. Interpersonal theory was first
introduced by Harry Stack Sullivan, MD, and developed
further by Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Clara
Thompson, Erich Fromm, and others who contributed to
the founding of the Institute and Interpersonal
Psychoanalysis in general.

Adaptive paradigm of
psychoanalysis and psychotherapy
The adaptive paradigm of psychotherapy develops out of
the work of Robert Langs. The adaptive paradigm
interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious
and unconscious adaptation to reality. Langs recent work
in some measure returns to the earlier Freud, in that Langs
prefers a modified version of the topographic of the mind
(conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) over
the structural model (id, ego, and super-ego), including the
formers emphasis on trauma (though Langs looks to
death-related traumas rather than sexual traumas).
[34]
At
the same time, Langs model of the mind differs from
Freuds in that it understands the mind in terms of
evolutionary biological principles
Interpersonal-relational
psychoanalysis
The term interpersonal-relational
psychoanalysis is often used as a
professional identification. Psychoanalysts
under this broader umbrella debate about
what precisely are the differences between
the two schools, without any current clear
consensus.

Modern psychoanalysis
term coined by Hyman Spotnitz and his
colleagues to describe a body of theoretical
and clinical approaches that aim to extend
Freud's theories so as to make them
applicable to the full spectrum of emotional
disorders and broaden the potential for
treatment to pathologies thought to be
untreatable by classical methods
DEVELOPMENTAL
Psychoanalysis, Developmental, Humanistic

History
Developmental psychology as a discipline did not exist until
after the industrial revolution when the need for an educated
workforce led to the social construction of childhood as a
distinct stage in a person's life. The notion of childhood
originates in the western world and this is why the early
research derives from this location. Initially developmental
psychologists were interested in studying the mind of the child
so that education and learning could be more effective.
Developmental changes during adulthood is an even more
recent area of study. This is mainly due to advances in
medical science enabling people to live to an old age.
Charles Darwin is credited with conducting the first
systematic study of developmental psychology. In 1877 he
published a short paper detailing the development of innate
forms of communication based on scientific observations of
his infant son, Doddy.

Developmental Psychology
is the scientific study of changes that occur
in human beings over the course of their life.
Originally concerned with infants and children, the
field has expanded to include adolescence, adult
development, aging, and the entire lifespan. This
field examines change across a broad range of
topics including motor skills and other psycho-
physiological processes; cognitive development
involving areas such as problem solving, moral
understanding, and conceptual
understanding; language acquisition; social,
personality, and emotional development; and self-
concept and identity formation.
Developmental psychology
In short..

is a scientific approach which aims to
explain how children and adults change
over time.
Developmental psychology complements
several other basic research fields
in psychology including social
psychology, cognitive
psychology, ecological psychology,
and comparative psychology.
Humanistic
Psychology

Humanistic psychology emerged in the
mid-1950s
Humanistic psychologists try to see
peoples lives as those people would see
them


Personality and Rogers

Self-actualization
fully functioning person open-minded
and trusting
Childhood experiences chief indicator
that we will reach self-actualization

Carl Rogers Person-Centered
Theory

Drew from the ideas of Maslow and
others.
Self-concept most important feature of
personality



Criticisms and Strong Points of
Humanistic Psychology

Too naively optimistic
Cannot be easily
tested, observations
are unverifiable
Biased toward
individualistic values


Emphasize the role of
individual
Takes environmental
influences into
account
Helped remove some
of the stigma attached
to therapy

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listening!