Statistics

Descriptive Statistics and

Present Data
Part II
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 1
Review
Central Tendency
Dispersion

KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 2
Descriptive Statistics
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 3

Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Modus
Dispersion
Range
Mean Deviation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Form Distribution
Skewness
Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of
the probability distribution of a real-valued
random variable about its mean.
The skewness value can be positive or
negative, or even undefined
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 4
Shape and Distribution
One advantage of knowing all those
measurement is explaining how data is
distributed.

KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 5
Mean = Median =Mode

Mean < Median < Mode
Mode < Median < Mean
Right-Skewed Left-Skewed Symmetric
Shape and Distribution
Box-and-whisker plot
Graphical display of data using 5-number
summary

KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 6
Median( )
4 6 8 10
12
X
largest
X
smallest
1
Q
3
Q
2
Q
Shape and Distribution
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 7
Right-Skewed Left-Skewed Symmetric
1
Q
1
Q
1
Q
2
Q
2
Q
2
Q
3
Q
3
Q
3
Q
Shape and Distribution
Berikut adalah data pembayaran (dalam
ribuan) yang dilakukan oleh 40 pasien di
sebuah puskesmas.

KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 8
Shape and Distribution
Mean: 66.28
Median: 65.5
Mode: 55
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 9
Mode < Median < Mean
Right-Skewed
Mean < Median < Mode
Left-Skewed
Mean = Median =Mode

Symmetric
Shape and Distribution
Minimum: 43
Q1: 59.5
Median (Q2): 65.5
Q3: 72.5
Maximum: 92
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 10
92 43 65.5 59.5 72.5
43 92 67.5 55.25 79.75
Skewness
Beside using visualization recognition, there is
a formula to describe skewness of data
(Fishers Measure of Skewness).


Skewness 0 (Symmetric)
Skewness > 1 (Asymmetric - Right skew)
Skewness < 1 (Asymmetric - Left skew)
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 11
Skewness
Skewness dari data pembayaran puskesmas
adalah 0.221, maka ia termasuk right skew.
Sesuai dengan hasil pengenalan shape and
distribution.
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 12
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-13
Tabulating and Graphing
Categorical Data:
Univariate Data
Categorical Data
Tabulating Data
The Summary Table
Graphing Data
Pie Charts
Pareto Diagram
Bar Charts
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-14
Summary Table
(for an Political Parties)
Investment Category Total Percentage
(in thousands) (in %)

Republics 46.5 42.27

Labors 32 29.09

Democrats 15.5 14.09

Teachers 16 14.55

Total 110 100

Variables are Categorical
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-15
Graphing Categorical
Data: Univariate Data
Categorical Data
Tabulating Data
The Summary Table
0 10 20 30 40 50
S t oc k s
B onds
S avi ngs
CD
Graphing Data
Pie Charts
Pareto Diagram
Bar Charts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
S t oc k s B onds S avi ngs CD
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-16
Bar Chart
(for Political Parties)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Republics
Labors
Democrats
Teachers
Amount in thousands
Political Parties
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-17
Pie Chart
(for Political Parties)
Percentages are
rounded to the
nearest percent.
Amount in Thousands
Teachers
15%
Democrats
14%
Labors
29%
Republics
42%
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-18
Pareto Diagram
Axis for line
graph
shows
cumulative
% chosen
Axis for
bar
chart
shows
%
chosen
in each
category
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Stocks Bonds Savings CD
Republics Labors Teachers Democrats
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-19
Tabulating and Graphing
Bivariate Categorical
Data
Contingency tables: choosers in thousands
Political Parties Perth Sydney Canberra Total Category

Republics 46.5 55 27.5 129

Labors 32 44 19 95

Democrats 15.5 20 13.5 49

Teachers 16 28 7 51


Total 110 147 67 324

2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-20
Tabulating and Graphing
Bivariate Categorical
Data
Side by side charts
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Republics
Labors
Teachers
Democrats
Comparing Investors
Canberra Sydney Perth
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-21
Principles of Graphical
Excellence
Presents data in a way that provides
substance, statistics and design
Communicates complex ideas with clarity,
precision and efficiency
Gives the largest number of ideas in the most
efficient manner
Almost always involves several dimensions
Tells the truth about the data
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-22
Using chart junk
Failing to provide a relative
basis in comparing data between groups
Compressing the vertical axis
Providing no zero point on the vertical axis
Errors in Presenting
Data
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-23
Chart Junk
Good Presentation
1960: $1.00
1970: $1.60
1980: $3.10
1990: $3.80
Minimum Wage Minimum Wage
0
2
4
1960 1970 1980 1990
$
Bad Presentation

2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-24
Compressing Vertical
Axis
Good Presentation
Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales
Bad Presentation
0
25
50
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
$
0
100
200
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
$

2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-25
No Zero Point on
Vertical Axis
Good Presentation
Monthly Sales
Monthly Sales
Bad Presentation
0
39
42
45
J F M A M J
$
36
39
42
45
J F M A M J
$
Graphing the first six months of sales.
36

2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-26
Tabulating and Graphing
Numerical Data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
Numerical Data
Ordered Array
Stem and Leaf
Display
Histograms
Ogive
Tables
2 144677
3 028
4 1
41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
Frequency Distributions
Cumulative Distributions
Polygons
Ogive
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-27
Frequency Distributions, Relative
Frequency Distributions and
Percentage Distributions




Class Frequency
10 but under 20 3 .15 15
20 but under 30 6 .30 30
30 but under 40 5 .25 25
40 but under 50 4 .20 20
50 but under 60 2 .10 10
Total 20 1 100
Relative
Frequency
Percentage
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-28
Graphing Numerical Data:
The Histogram
Histogram
0
3
6
5
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5 15 25 36 45 55 More
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
No Gaps
Between
Bars
Class Midpoints
Class Boundaries
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-29
Graphing Numerical Data:
The Frequency Polygon
F r e q u e n c y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5 1 5 2 5 3 6 4 5 5 5 M o r e
Class Midpoints
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-30
Tabulating Numerical Data:
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Frequency % Frequency
10 but under 20 3 15
20 but under 30 9 45
30 but under 40 14 70
40 but under 50 18 90
50 but under 60 20 100
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-31
Graphing Numerical Data:
The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon)
Ogive
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 20 30 40 50 60
Class Boundaries (Not Midpoints)
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-32
Organizing Numerical
Data
Numerical Data
Ordered Array
Stem and Leaf
Display
Frequency Distributions
Cumulative Distributions
Histograms
Polygons
Ogive
Tables
2 144677
3 028
4 1
41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-33
Data in raw form (as collected):
126, 224, 321, 27, 127, 230, 341, 32, 138
Data in ordered array from smallest to largest:

Stem-and-leaf display:

Organizing Numerical
Data
(continued)
2 144677
3 028
4 1
2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Chap 2-34
Graphing Bivariate
Numerical Data
(Scatter Plot)
Mutual Funds Scatter Plot
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40
Net Asset Values
T
o
t
a
l

Y
e
a
r

t
o

D
a
t
e

R
e
t
u
r
n

(
%
)
Summary
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 35
Univariate Bivariate
Numerical Line
Stem and Leaf
Scatter
Categorical Bar
Pie Chart
Contingency Table
Grouped Data Frequency Table Polygon
Cumulative Freq. Table Ogive
Soal Latihan 1
Seribu warga Minnesota dimintai pendapat tentang
musim yang paling mereka sukai. Hasilnya adalah
100 orang menyukai musim dingin, 300 orang
penyuka musim semi, 400 orang menyukai musim
panas dan 200 orang menyukai musim gugur.
Dalam membuat tabel frekuensi, berapa kelas yang
harus dibuat untuk data tersebut?
Bagaimana frekuensi relatif untuk tiap kelas?
Bagaimana frekuensi kumulatif untuk tiap kelas?
Soal Latihan 2
Wellstone Inc., ingin membuat dan memasarkan
rangka ponsel dalam 5 warna: putih, hitam, hijau,
oranye dan merah. Sebelum melakukan produksi
masal, perusahaan tersebut membuka gerai mall dan
mendapatkan hasil dari survey singkat sbb:
Putih 130
Hitam 104
Kuning 325
Hijau 455
Merah 286
Disebut apa tabel disamping?
Buatlah diagram batangnya
Buatlah diagram pienya.
Jika Wellstone Inc. berencana
memproduksi 1 juta ponsel, berapa
rangka dari tiap warna harus
diproduksi?
Bingkisan
Dikerjakan personal (tiap anak satu kolom saja)
Membuat histogram dan polygon frekuensi kumulatif
(ogive) dari tabel A2 untuk kolom X4 hingga X12 (9
variasi).
Dikerjakan secara komputerisasi.
Dicetak berwarna di kertas A4 1 lembar (tabel
generetan dan Histogramnya).
Nama NRP diletakkan di setiap halaman (apabila
lebih dari satu halaman)
Dikumpulkan Selasa di Ketua Kelas.
Letakkan di Loker
Pembagian NRP
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 39
Available on scribd.com/rvinarti
X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12
Kisi-kisi UTS
KS141209 Statistics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 40
Populasi Sample
Skala Data
Descriptive Statistics
Present Data
Applied Statistics -> Survey / Questionnaire
SPSS Output