Ch.

11 : Microbial Diversity
o Prokaryotic morphologies and representative examples
o Types of reproduction of prokaryotic cells
o Cell arrangements
o Classification of microbes
o Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria
know the unique features of the different organisms
o Domain Eukarya know the unique features of fungi
o Lab this week will focus on microbial diversity
this material will be fair game for the exams!
Typical prokaryotic morphologies
Coccus
Coccobacillus
Bacillus
Vibrio
Typical prokaryotic morphologies
Spirillum
Spirochete
Pleomorphic
Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells


Asexual:
binary fission, or
snapping division, or
budding

Staphylococci
PHYLUM CHLOROFLEXI
(green nonsulfur)
Thermophilic
bacteria
PHYLUM DEINOCOCCUS-THERMUS
Deeply branching bacteria
PHYLUM AQUIFICAE
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA
Rickettsias ()
Rhodospirilla ()
(purple nonsulfur)
Rhizobium ()
Nitrifying ()
Myzobacteria ()
Campylobacteria ()
Pseudomonads ()
PHYLUM
CHLOROBI
(green sulfur)
Neisserias ()
PHYLUM
BACTEROIDETES
PHYLUM FIBROBACTERES
PHYLUM CHLAMYDIAE
PHYLUM SPIROCHAETES
PHYLUM
PLANCTOMYCETES
PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
PHYLUM FUSOBACTERIA PHYLUM FIRMICUTES
Clostridia
Mycoplasmas
Bacilli-Lactobacilli
Arthrobacter
Streptomyces
Atopobium
Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA
GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA High G+C Gram-positive
PHYLUM KORARCHAEOTA
PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA
PHYLUM
CRENARCHAEOTA
Thermophilic
archaea
Methanogens
Halophiles
Classifying prokaryotes based on their rRNA sequences




Domain Archaea
Common features
Lack peptidoglycan
Cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains
AUG codon codes for methionine (in contrast to bacteria)

Three phyla:



Not known to cause disease
1. Crenarchaeota
2. Euryarchaeota
3. Korarchaeota
Archaea
Some are extremophiles

Require extreme conditions of temperature, pH, and/or
salinity to survive

Prominent members are thermophiles and halophiles

Archaea
Thermophiles and
hyperthermophiles

Thermophiles:

(a)Geogemma
(b)Pyrodictium
Archaea
Halophiles

Need > 9% NaCl to maintain cell walls

Use bacteriorhodopsins
to drive ATP synthesis (using light energy)
BUT NOT using photosynthesis

Most studied organism?


Archaea
Methanogens

Obligate anaerobes

Use CO
2
, H
2
, and organic compounds to produce
methane (CH
4
)


Soil sediments of ponds, lakes, oceans

Colons of animals (including us!)

Domain Bacteria
Deeply branching bacteria

- Scientists believe these organisms are
similar to earliest bacteria

- Autotrophic

- Deinococcus



Bacteria
Phototrophic bacteria

Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
*Green sulfur bacteria
*Green nonsulfur bacteria
*Purple sulfur bacteria
*Purple nonsulfur bacteria

*anaerobic (or anoxygenic)


Examples of cyanobacteria
(a) Anabaena
Examples of cyanobacteria
(b) Merismopedia
(c) What is it??????
(c) Oscillatoria
Bacteria
Clostridia


Rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes

Endospore-formers and
Neurotoxin producers

Diseases


Bacteria
Mycoplasmas


Lack cell walls

Distinctive fried-egg appearance on agar media

Diseases



Gram-positive bacilli and cocci
Bacillus
Listeria - pathoge
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus


Bt toxin
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacteria
Corynebacterium
Pleomorphic aerobes and facultative anaerobes

E.g. C. diphtheriae


http://coproweb.free.fr/pagbac/introbac/corineba.htm
Bacteria

Mycobacterium

mycolic acids in their cell wall
E.g. M. tuberculosis

Actinomycetes

Form branching filaments


Examples of genera: Actinomyces, Streptomyces


Geosmins musty odor of soil
Bacteria
Actinomycetes spores
Spores
Bacteria
Gram-Negative bacteria

Largest and most diverse group of bacteria

Many have extensions called prosthecae


Caulobacter


Rosettes form
on surface of
solutions
Swarmer cells
Stalked cells

Rhizobium

- Infects certain plant
roots and fixes nitrogen
gas into ammonia
by use of nodules

How is this useful for the
plant? How is this
useful for the
bacterium? What is this
relationship called?



Rhizobium

How is this useful for the plant?


How is this useful for the bacterium?


What is this relationship called?



P. aeruginosa is ;
- An important cause of respiratory infections
in cystic fibrosis patients
- Skin infections in burn patients
- Eye infections
- Some Pseudomonas are found in plant rhizospheres
Pseudomonas

Bdellovibrio


This is a predator of other gram-negative bacteria and a very fast
swimmer!! Can you think of a medical application for this
bacterium?
Prey cell
Bdellovibrio

Myxobacteria
These bacteria are known for their ability to form
fruiting bodies that can be seen with the naked eye

Fungi
Chemoheterotrophic and eukaryotic
Have cell walls typically composed of chitin
Decompose dead organisms and recycle their
nutrients
Used for food and in manufacture of foods and
beverages, but some can spoil foods
Some produce antibiotics
Some serve as important research tools
30% cause diseases of plants, animals, and
humans
Do not perform photosynthesis
Lack chlorophyll