Chapter 2

ATOMIC THEORY
(CHEMICAL
BONDING)
Prepared by
Khairool Anwar Bin Alias
Civil Engineering Department

Defne covalent and ionic bonding

Defne valence electrons

Comparison of properties of ionic and covalent

compounds.

Examples of chemical formula (ionic or

covalent)
Basic Concepts of
Chemical Bonding
Introductio
n

A chemical bond is an attraction

between atoms that allows the
formation of chemical substances
that contain two or more atoms.

The bonds is caused by the

electromagnetic force attraction
between opposite charges, either
between electrons and nuclei.
The strength of chemical bonds varies
considerably ; there are strong bonds
such as covalent or ionic bonds and
wea bonds such as dipole!dipole
interactions, the "ondon dispersion
force and hydrogen bonding.
#ince opposite charges attract via
a simple electromagnetic force,
the negatively charged electrons
orbiting the nucleus and the
positively charged protons in the
nucleus attract each other.
an electron positioned between two nuclei
will be attracted to both of them. Thus, the
most stable con$guration of nuclei and
electrons is one in which the electrons
spend more time between nuclei than
anywhere else in space.
Hdro!en
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E'AM(LE
2 Tpe) o* Che+ica&
Bondin!
Covalent
bonding
(onic bonding
O,ER,IE" O- MAIN TY(E O-
CHEMICAL BOND.
). Co/a&ent 0ond

Co/a&ent 0ondin! in/o&/e) sharing o*
e&ectron) in 1hich the po)iti/e&
char!ed nuc&ei o* t1o or +ore
ato+ )i+u&taneou)& attract the
ne!ati/e& char!ed e&ectron) that
are 0ein! )hared2
O,ER,IE" O- MAIN TY(E O-
CHEMICAL BOND.
22 Ionic 0ond
The 0ondin! e&ectron i) not )hared
at a&&3 0ut tran)*erred 2 In thi) tpe
o* 0ond3 the outer ato+ic or0ita& o*
one ato+ ha) a /acanc 1hich
a&&o1) addition o* one +ore
e&ectron)2
COM(ARI.ON O-
(RO(ERTIE. O- IONIC AND
CO,ALENT COM(A4ND.
Ionic Co+pound) Co/a&ent Co+pound)
&igh melting and boiling
points
"ow melting and boiling
points
Conduct electricity when
melted
*oor electrical
conductors in all phases
+any soluble in water
but not in non!polar
li,uid
+any soluble in non!
polar li,uids but not in
water
-g. +ethane/C&
0
1,
&ydrochloric acid /&Cl1
-g. #odium chloride
/2aCl1, #ulphuric Acid
/&
3
#'
0
1
DE-INITION
CO,ALENT BOND
IONIC BOND
,ALANCE ELECTRON
A *or+ o* che+ica& 0ondin! that i)
characteri5ed 0 the )harin! o* pair)
o* e&ectron 0et1een ato+) and
other) co/a&ent 0ond)
A tpe o* che+ica&) 0ond that
in/o&/e) a metal and non-metal ion
or polyatomic ion) throu!h
e&ectro)tatic attraction
E&ectron *ound in the outer+o)t
occupied )he&& o* an ato+2 The
outer+o)t occupied )he&& 1hich i)
*urthe)t *ro+ the nuc&eu)2
4alence
electrons
Alali +etal . Atomic 2umber
-lectronic
con$guration
2umber of
4alence
-lectrons
"ithium /"i1 5 3,) )
#odium /2a1 )) 3,6,) )
*otassium /71 )8 3,6,6,) )
,ALANCE ELECTRON ARE
IN,OL,E IN THE BOND
-ORMATION
9uring the formation of chemical
bonds, each of the combining atoms
will change its electron arrangement
to achieve a stable electron
arrangement.
There are two ways for the atoms of
an element to achieve an octet or
duplet electron arrangement:

Transferring electron

#haring electron
CHEMICAL -ORM4LA
THE (ROBABLE TY(E O-
BOND (IONIC OR
CO,ALENT)
Chemical formula identi$es
each constituentelementby
itschemical symboland
indicates the number of atoms
of each element found in each
discretemoleculeof that
compound.
Ionic 0ond ; transfer of electrons from
metal atoms to non!metal atoms
Co/a&ent 0ond ; sharing of electrons
between non!metal atoms
Meta& ato+) Non6+eta& ato+) Ionic
0ond
Non6
+eta&
ato+)
Non6
+eta&
ato+)
Co/a&ent 0ond
Tran)*er e&ectron
.harin! e&ectron
.odiu+ Ch&oride
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING
CO,ALENT
BONDING
CO,ALENT
BONDING
CO,ALENT
BONDING
Exercise
72 True or *a&)e8 Ato+) are e&ectrica&& neutra&9 that i) the do
not ha/e a char!e2
A8 True
B8 <alse
22 E&ectron) ha/e 1hat :ind o* char!e;
A8 positive
B8 negative
C8 neutral
<2 "hat i) the na+e !i/en to the outer+o)t
e&ectron());
A8 outside electrons
B8 *lutonian electrons
C8 valence electrons
=2 "hen an e&ectron i) added to or re+o/ed *ro+ an ato+3 the
ato+ 0eco+e) a(n) >>>>>>>>2
A 8 ion
B 8 bond
C 8 nothing; it stays an atom
?2 (o)iti/e& char!ed ion)3 ca&&ed >>>>>>>>>>>>3 re)u&t *ro+
&o)) o* e&ectron)2
A8 cations
B8 anions
@2 An >>>>>>> 0ond *or+) 1hen a cation tran)*er) it) eAtra
e&ectron to an anion 1ho need) it2
A8 metallic
B8 covalent
C8 ionic
B2 Ion) o* oppo)ite char!e >>>>>>>>>> each other ea)i&3 )o the
*or+ a )peciCc pattern ca&&ed a cr)ta& &attice2
A8 repel
B8 attract
C: pushing
D2 Ionic 0ond) a&1a) *or+ 0et1een +eta&) and >>>>>>>>>>>2
A8 nonmetals
B8 metals
C8 metalloids
E2 The co+0ination o* ato+) *or+ed in a co/a&ent 0ond i)
ca&&ed a >>>>>>>>2
A8 molecule
B8 model
C8 formula unit
7F2 A >>>>>>> 0ond i) a 0ond 1here ato+) )hare /a&ence
e&ectron)2
A8 ionic
B8 metallic
C8 covalent
T&- -29
T&A27 ='>