Personality Development

Dr A. PANDURAO
Introduction of personality
Personality can be define as the various enduring
and distinctive patterns of human behaviour and
the characteristics of a particular person . The
personality factors like perception , learning and
motivation etc deal with specific aspects of
human behaviour.

Personality
Personality is the dynamic organisation with in
the individual the psychological systems and the
physiological systems that determine his unique
changes to his environment.


Personality development

The personality development starts from
child to fatal stage . After birth the child
develops this process continuously
throughout his life . Therefore the
personality development can be seen
through in different stages of age in an
individual



























Freud's theory of personality development
Dr. Sigmund feuds the father of psychiatry theory of
personality development is one of the most popular and the
most controversial theory of modern psychiatry. He emphasize
the ole of childhood experiences in shaping the adult
personality. He claimed that the childhood experiences are
repeated throughout his life and are critical in determining one s
adult relationships.. It is known that childhood experiences are
pivotal in creating neural networks , that shape the personality in
good manner according to Freud theory is individual goes
through various stages of psychosexual developments . The five
stages are driving forces for personality development.























Evidence - Bobo doll
- Harter & Monsour (1992)
- Bandura & Cervone (1983)

Evaluatory Comment

- More than one self? (Baars, 1997)
- Not a development theory



Situationalism

Bandura suggested that personality is not a stable trait of an individual
Mischel & Peakes theory (1982) suggest a consistency paradox. Research
failed to show consistency
Behavioural specificity (M & P, 1982)
We think it is a stable trait because we see people in similar situations
Individual differences (M & P, 1993)
Person variables
Cognitive & behavioural
Encoding & personal constructs
Expectancy
Subjective stimulus value
self - regulatory systems & plans

Evidence
Context - dependent learning research (Abernety, 1940)
Generalising learning
Lack of fragmentation
What is gender?
(as part of personality)

Sex
Gender
Sexual identity
Gender identity
Gender role
Gender stereo types
Situation (upbrining &
social context)
Behaviour
See : - Debates and all the work we did on real and perceived differences
- Psychoanalytical theory
- Social learning
- Cognitive (Kohlberg)
- Behaviourist
- Humanistic (Carl Rogers : Erikson)
Kohlbergs (1966) Cognitive - developmental theory (1966)
The child actively constructs his own experiences and they are not products of
social
training
Basic - gender identity (2-3)
Gender stability (3 - 4)
Gender consistency (4 - 7yrs)
(fits with Piagets notion of conservation)
Evidence
Munroe, Shimmin & Munroe (1984)
These stages are cross - cultural.
Slaby & Frey (1975) - attending to some sex models.
Ruble, Balabon & Cooper (1981) Adverts & gender consistency.
Evaluatory Comments
Cross cultural
interactivity
gender identity - increases gender role
How they interact in the world requires gender identity
Criticism : gender role behaviour - depends on gender consistency
Contradictions
Individualistic (not social context)

Gender Schema Theory
An organised set of beliefs about the sexes (Martin et al, 1987)
in group, out group schema
our gender schema
children are not passive
gender - schemas help them pay attention to & interpret the world &
what they remember
gender schemas structure experience
Evidence : (Martin et al, 1987)
(Bradbard et al, 1986)
(Masters et al, (1979)
Evaluatory Comment
seems to explain & fit with other theories of child development specially
cognitive
individualistic
schemas are overaggerated
should be able to change schemas. As Durkin (1995) found: it is easier to
change concepts
Continued...

Now :

Compare social learning theory yourself using biological; social
biological theory by explaining

Theory (giving)
evidence (including)
evaluatory comment
Theories of Adolescent Development
Delinquency
Relationship with parents
Relationship with peers Cultural
differences
What evidence
is there that
these are
important
Marcias theory (1966-1980)
-Alternatives to choose from
-Have fun commitment been made
Four possible identity statuses
-Identity diffusion
-Foreclosure
-Moratorium
-Identity achievement
Evidence to support : Meilman
(1979)
Evidence against : (Munroe &
Adams (1977)
Colemans focal theory
(1974)
Storm & Stress
Eriksons theory (1902, 1994)
-Identity diffusion
-Identity crisis

-Counter evidence
-Support evidence
Intimacy
Diffusion
Diffusion
of
industry
Negative
identity
Gender &
individual
differences
alpha & beta
bias
The Isle of Wight Study
(1976) Rutters large scale
study.

What factors cause
disturbance in young people?

What is the problem of
retrospective data?