SEISMIC POUNDING EFFECTS IN

BUILDINGS
By
S.Sridhar(12021D2016)
M.Tech (Structures ) JNTU Kakinada

Under the Guidance of
Dr V.Ravindra


ABSTRACT
Major seismic events during the past decade such as those that have
occurred in Northridge, Imperial Valley (May 18, 1940), California (1994),
Kobe, Japan (1995),Turkey (1999), Taiwan (1999) and Bhuj, Central
Western India (2001)

To demonstrate the destructive power of earthquakes, with destruction of
engineered buildings, bridges, industrial and port facilities as well as
giving rise to great economic losses.

Despite the increase in the accuracy and efficiency of the computational
tools related to dynamic inelastic analysis, engineers tend to adopt
simplified non-linear static procedures instead of rigorous non-linear
dynamic analysis when evaluating seismic demands. This is due to the
problems related to its complexities and suitability for practical design
applications.

Among the possible structural damages, seismic induced pounding has
been commonly observed in several earthquakes. As a result, a
parametric study on buildings pounding response as well as proper
seismic hazard mitigation practice for adjacent buildings is carried out.

Therefore, the needs to improve seismic performance of the built
environment through the development of performance-oriented
procedures have been developed.

To estimate the seismic demands, nonlinearities in the
structure are to be considered when the structure enters
into inelastic range during devastating earthquakes.

INTRODUCTION

Investigations of past and recent earthquake damage have illustrated that the
building structures are vulnerable to severe damage and/or collapse during
moderate to strong ground motion.

Pounding between closely spaced building structures can be a serious hazard
in seismically active areas.

Pounding of adjacent buildings could have worse damage as adjacent
buildings with different dynamic characteristics which vibrate out of phase
and there is insufficient separation distance or energy dissipation system to
accommodate the relative motions of adjacent buildings


A large separation is controversial from both technical (difficulty in using
expansion joint) and economical loss of land usage) views. The highly
congested building system in many metropolitan cities constitutes a major
concern for seismic pounding damage.

The most simplest and effective way for pounding mitigation and reducing
damage due to pounding is to provide enough separation but it is
sometimes difficult to be implemented due to detailing problem and
high cost of land.

An alternative to the seismic separation gap provision in the structure
design is to minimize the effect of pounding through decreasing
lateral motion

The main objective to determine the minimum seismic gap between
buildings and provide engineers with practical analytical tools for
predicting pounding response and damage.


A realistic pounding model is used for studying the response of structural
system under the condition of structural pounding for medium soil
condition at seismic zone V.

Two adjacent multi-story buildings are considered as a representative
structure for potential pounding problem.

Dynamic analysis is carried out on the structures to observe displacement
of the buildings due to earthquake excitation

The behaviour of the structures under static loads is linear and can be
predicted. When we come to the dynamic behaviours, we are mainly
concerned with the displacements, velocity and accelerations of the
structure under the action of dynamic loads or earthquake loads.

Unpredictability in structural behaviours is encountered when the structure
goes into the post-elastic or non-linear stage.


METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Equivalent Static Force Method
Response Spectrum Analysis
Objectives of Study

This Thesis aims at computing the minimum seismic gap between
buildings by static and dynamic analysis by using ETABS

The principal objectives of the study are as follows:
1. Generation of three dimensional models of buildings for rigid floor
diaphragm idealization to analyse static and dynamic analysis by using
ETABS
2. Performing dynamic analysis of rigid floor diaphragm idealization for
medium soil at Zone V.
3. Analysing the displacement of buildings for Eight Storey (G+8) and
Twelve Storey(G+12) building cases to permit movement, in order to
avoid pounding due to earthquake by static and dynamic analysis
REVIEW LITERATURE



Robert Jankowski(2004) addressed the fundamental questions concerning
the application of the nonlinear analysis and its feasibility and limitations in
predicting seismic pounding gap between buildings. In his analysis, elasto
plastic multi-degree-of freedom lumped mass models are used to simulate
the structural behavior and non-linear viscoelastic impact elements are
applied to model collisions. The results of the study prove that pounding
may have considerable influence on behavior of the structures


Khaja Afroz Jamal,H.S.Vidyadhara

Response of building is greatly longitudinal direction because of impact
forces while it is almost negligible in transverse direction is only friction
force acting on transverse direction.
During pounding smaller building experience more displacement and
liable to greater damage than larger building.
Usually pounding occurs when the two buildings are out of phase.
Pounding causes reduction in lateral displacement of building and as a
result of it movements of buildings are blocked.
As pounding force decreases for greater separation, hence it reduces
damages to the neighbouring buildings.
Displacement of buildings can be greatly reduced by providing a shear
wall, as the shear wall influences on pounding and reduce the effect of
pounding of buildings

STRUCTURE MODELLING AND
ANALYSIS
DESIGN PROCEDURE IN ETABS
Details of the Models

The models which have been adopted for study are a un symmetric model
storey(G+12) and eight storey (G+8) buildings. The buildings are consist of
(L1 shape) columns 1000mm x1000mm beams 300mm x 450mm

(L2 shape) columns 600mm x600mm beams 300mm x 450mm

The floor slabs are taken as 125mm thick. The foundation height is 3.5m
and the height of the all four stories is 3.5m. The modulus of elasticity and
shear modulus of concrete have been taken as
E = 2.37 10
7
KN/
2
and G = 1.14 107 KN/
2
(L1 shape)
E = 2.37 10
7
KN/
2
and G = 1.14 107 KN/
2
. (L2 shape)

Two models have been considered for the purpose of the study.
1. Twelve storey(G+12) adjacent building with equal floor levels.
2. Eight storey(G+8) adjacent buildings with equal floor levels.
Dimensioning Of Grid Data
Grid Formation
Defining Materials For Structure
Beam Dimensions
Assigning Beams
Assigning Columns
Beam&Column
The required material properties like mass, weight density, modulus of
elasticity, shear modulus and design values of the material used can be
modified as per requirements or default values can be accepted.

Beams and column members have been defined as frame elements with
the appropriate dimensions and reinforcement.

Soil structure interaction has not been considered and the columns have
been restrained in all six degrees of freedom at the base.

Slabs are defined as area elements having the properties of shell elements
with the required thickness. Slabs have been modelled as rigid diaphragms
Assigning L1 Slab
Assigning L2 Slab

Supports For Structure
Assigned Beams , Columns & Slab(L1)

Assigned Beams , Columns & Slab(L2)
Assigning loads.
After having modelled the structural components, all possible load cases are
assigned. These are as follows:
Gravity loads:
Gravity loads on the structure include the self weight of beams, columns,
slabs, walls and other permanent members.

The self weight of beams and columns (frame members) and slabs (area
sections) is automatically considered by the program itself.

The wall loads have been calculated and assigned as uniformly distributed
loads on the beams.
Wall load = unit weight of brickwork x thickness of wall x height of wall.
Unit weight of brickwork = 19KN/m3
Thickness of wall = 0.3m
Wall load on roof level =19 x 0.2 x 1= 3.8KN/m (parapet wall height = 1m)
Outer Wall load on all other levels = 19 x 0.3 x 3.5 = 19.95KN/m
(wall height = 3.5m)
Inner Wall load on all other levels = 19 x 0.2 x 3.5 = 13.33KN/m
(wall height = 3.5m)
Live loads have been assigned as uniform area loads on the slab elements as
per IS 1893(Part 1) 2002
Live load on floors 3.0 KN/m2
As per Table 8, Percentage of Imposed load to be considered in Seismic
weight calculation, IS 875 since the live load class is up to 3 KN/m2 , 25% of
the imposed load has been considered.
Quake loads have been defined considering the response spectra for medium
soil as per IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002.

Defining load combinations:

According to IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002 for the limit state design of reinforced and
prestressed concrete structures, the following load combinations have been
defined
1.5(DL+LL) DL- Dead Load
1.2(DL+LL+EL) LL- Live load
1.2(DL+LL-EL) EL- Earthquake load.
1.5(DL+EL)
1.5(DL-EL)
0.9DL+1.5EL
0.9DL-1.5EL

Lateral loads for rigid
floor diaphragm
`
Response Spectrum Analysis

Here we are primarily concerned with observing the deformations, forces
and moments induced in the structure due to dead, live loads and
earthquake loads.
The load case Dead takes care of the self weight of the frame members
and the area sections.
The wall loads have been defined under a separate load case Wall and the
live loads under the case Live.
Analysis is carried out for all three cases for obtaining the above mentioned
parameters.
Modal analysis is carried out for obtaining the natural frequencies, modal
mass participation ratios and other modal parameters of the structure
Defining Response Spectrum function

Equivalent Static Force Method:
Z = 0.36 considering zone factor v
I = 1.0 considering residential building.
R = 5.0 considering special RC moment resistant frame (SMRF)
S a /g = 2.5
For the Seismic pounding effect between adjacent buildings, response spectrum
analysis is carried out using the spectra for medium soil as per IS 1893 (Part 1)
2002.
The spectral acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) values are calculated as follows.

For medium soil sites,
Sa/g = 1 + 15T, (0.00 < T < 0.10), (T= time period in seconds)
= 2.50, (0.10 < T < 0.55)
= 1.36/T, (0.55 < T < 4.00)
Seismic Weight of the Building:
The Seismic Weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of
all the floors. The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus
appropriate amount of imposed load.
While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and
walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the
storey.
Floor height from ground level in m Seismic weight Wi in KN
28.0 2048.18
24.5 2048.18
21.0 2048.18
17.5 2048.18
14.0 2048.18
10.5 2048.18
7.0 2048.18
3.5 2048.18

Table 3.3 Seismic weight of the Eight Storey Building

Total Seismic weight of the L2 Building W=16385.44KN



Floor height from ground level in m Seismic weight Wi in KN
42.0 7646.46
38.5 7646.46
35.0 7646.46
31.5 7646.46
28.0 7646.46
24.5 7646.46
21.0 7646.46
17.5 7646.46
14.0 7646.46
10.5 7646.46
7.0 7646.46
3.5 7646.46

Table 3.2 Seismic weight of the Twelve Storey Building

Total Seismic weight of the L1 Building W=91757.52 KN

Base shear calculations
The total design lateral force or design Seismic base shear (

) have been
obtained from ETABS using Response Spectrum Analysis as per IS1893 (part
1)-2002[19].

The response spectrum ordinates used are for type (medium soil) for 5%
damping and for seismic zone-v. The design seismic base shear (

) has been
calculated using procedure given in IS 1893(part 1)-2002 as follows.

*W
Where

is the design horizontal seismic coefficient and is given by

=
(

)
2

Where Z = Zone factor given in table 2 of IS 1893-2002
I = Importance factor given in table 6 of IS 1893-2002
R = Response reduction factor given in table 7 of IS 1893-2002
Sa/g =Average response acceleration coefficient.

CALCULATION
For Eight Storey Building
As per clause 7.1 of IS 1893(part 1) 2002 the fundamental time period of
vibration (Ta) is
Ta = 0.075
0.75
Where h = height of the building
Ta = 0.075x 28
0.75

= 0 .912 sec
From the response spectrum graph (fig 3.8), Average response acceleration
coefficient
Z = 0.36 considering zone factor v
I = 1.0 considering residential building.
R = 5.0 considering special RC moment resistant frame (SMRF)
Sa /g = 1.49

=
(

)
2

=
0.361.01.49
25

= 0.0536



The design base shear in x-direction have been calculated using code
provisions is

W
=0.0536x16385.44
=878.25 KN
For Twelve Storey Building
As per clause 7.1 of IS 1893(part 1) 2002 the fundamental time period of
vibration (Ta) is
Ta = 0.075
0.75
Where h = height of the building
Ta = 0.075x 42
0.75

= 1.23 sec
From the response spectrum graph (fig 3.8), Average response acceleration
coefficient
Z = 0.36 considering zone factor v
I = 1.0 considering residential building.
R = 5.0 considering special RC moment resistant frame (SMRF)
Sa /g = 1.1

=
(

)
2

=
0.361.01.1
25

= 0.0396
The design base shear in x-direction have been calculated using code
provisions is

W
=0.0396x91757.52
=3633.59 KN



Lateral Load To Stories in ETABS
Maximum Storey Drift

Mode Shape
Mode Shape
Mode shape
Stability Checks
Storey drifts in any storey due to minimum specified design lateral force,
with lateral load factor of 1.0 shall not exceed 0.004 times of storey height
from IS 1893-2002.

Wind drifts of last storey should not exceed H/500 from IS 456-2000.

Earth Quake drifts of last storey should not exceed H/250 from IS 456-
2000

Modes to be considered : The number of modes to be used in analysis
should be such that the sum total of modal masses of all modes considered
is at least 90 percent of total seismic mass and missing mass correction
beyond 33 percent in IS 1893-2002

Base shear of static load Base shear of dynamic load should be less than
one


Story Item Load Point X Y Z DriftX DriftY
STORY12 Max Drift X DEAD 10 36 0 36 0.000001
STORY12 Max Drift Y DEAD 69 0 16 36 0.000001
STORY12 Max Drift X LIVE 10 36 0 36 0
STORY12 Max Drift Y LIVE 69 0 16 36 0
STORY12 Max Drift X WALLOUT 10 36 0 36 0.000001
STORY12 Max Drift Y WALLOUT 69 0 16 36 0.000001
STORY12 Max Drift X WALLINN 87 36 40 36 0
STORY12 Max Drift Y WALLINN 87 36 40 36 0.000001
STORY12 Max Drift X PPT 10 36 0 36 0
STORY12 Max Drift Y PPT 69 0 16 36 0
STORY12 Max Drift X EARTHXPOS 87 36 40 36 0.00401
STORY12 Max Drift Y EARTHXPOS 69 0 16 36 0.000647
STORY12 Max Drift X EARTHYPOS 87 36 40 36 0.000548
STORY12 Max Drift Y EARTHYPOS 87 36 40 36 0.005194
STORY12 Max Drift X WINDX 87 36 40 36 0.000123
STORY12 Max Drift Y WINDX 69 0 16 36 0.000024
STORY12 Max Drift X WINDY 87 36 40 36 0.000027
STORY12 Max Drift Y WINDY 69 0 16 36 0.000111
STORY12 Max Drift X EARTHXNE 10 36 0 36 0.003605
STORY12 Max Drift Y EARTHXNE 1 0 0 36 0.000392
STORY12 Max Drift X EARTHYNE 87 36 40 36 0.000622
STORY12 Max Drift Y EARTHYNE 69 0 16 36 0.003841
Storey Drifts
Story Point Load DispX DispY DriftX DriftY
STORY12 1 WINDX 0.0058 0.0017 0.000079 0.000024
STORY12 1 WINDY -0.0014 0.0082 0.00002 0.000111
STORY12 2 WINDX 0.0058 0.0014 0.000079 0.00002
STORY12 2 WINDY -0.0014 0.0078 0.00002 0.000107
STORY12 3 WINDX 0.0058 0.0011 0.000079 0.000015
STORY12 3 WINDY -0.0014 0.0075 0.00002 0.000102
STORY12 4 WINDX 0.0058 0.0008 0.000079 0.000011
STORY12 4 WINDY -0.0014 0.0072 0.00002 0.000097
STORY12 5 WINDX 0.0058 0.0004 0.000079 0.000007
STORY12 5 WINDY -0.0014 0.0068 0.00002 0.000093
STORY12 6 WINDX 0.0058 0.0001 0.000079 0.000002
STORY12 6 WINDY -0.0014 0.0065 0.00002 0.000088
STORY12 7 WINDX 0.0058 -0.0002 0.000079 0.000002
STORY12 7 WINDY -0.0014 0.0062 0.00002 0.000083
STORY12 8 WINDX 0.0058 -0.0005 0.000079 0.000007
STORY12 8 WINDY -0.0014 0.0058 0.00002 0.000078
STORY12 9 WINDX 0.0058 -0.0008 0.000079 0.000011
STORY12 9 WINDY -0.0014 0.0055 0.00002 0.000074
STORY12 10 WINDX 0.0058 -0.0011 0.000079 0.000016
STORY12 10 WINDY -0.0014 0.0052 0.00002 0.000069
STORY12 11 WINDX 0.0062 0.0001 0.000083 0.000002
STORY12 11 WINDY -0.0011 0.0065 0.000015 0.000088
STORY12 12 WINDX 0.0065 0.0001 0.000088 0.000002
STORY12 12 WINDY -0.0007 0.0065 0.00001 0.000088
STORY12 13 WINDX 0.0068 0.0001 0.000092 0.000002
STORY12 13 WINDY -0.0004 0.0065 0.000006 0.000088
STORY12 14 WINDX 0.0071 0.0001 0.000096 0.000002
STORY12 14 WINDY -0.0001 0.0065 0.000001 0.000088
STORY12 15 WINDX 0.0074 0.0001 0.000101 0.000002
STORY12 15 WINDY 0.0003 0.0065 0.000004 0.000088
STORY12 16 WINDX 0.0077 0.0001 0.000105 0.000002
STORY12 16 WINDY 0.0006 0.0065 0.000009 0.000088
STORY12 17 WINDX 0.008 0.0001 0.00011 0.000002
Wind Drifts
Earth Drifts
Story Point Load DispX DispY DriftX DriftY
STORY12 1 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.034 0.002823 0.000647
STORY12 1 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2423 0.00037 0.004367
STORY12 1 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0256 0.003605 0.000392
STORY12 1 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.215 0.000452 0.003841
STORY12 2 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.0277 0.002823 0.000528
STORY12 2 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2486 0.00037 0.004459
STORY12 2 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0209 0.003605 0.000322
STORY12 2 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.2094 0.000452 0.003733
STORY12 3 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.0214 0.002823 0.000409
STORY12 3 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2549 0.00037 0.004551
STORY12 3 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0162 0.003605 0.000252
STORY12 3 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.2038 0.000452 0.003626
STORY12 4 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.0152 0.002823 0.000291
STORY12 4 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2613 0.00037 0.004642
STORY12 4 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0116 0.003605 0.000182
STORY12 4 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.1982 0.000452 0.003518
STORY12 5 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.0089 0.002823 0.000172
STORY12 5 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2676 0.00037 0.004734
STORY12 5 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0069 0.003605 0.000112
STORY12 5 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.1926 0.000452 0.003411
STORY12 6 EARTHXPOS 0.1605 0.0026 0.002823 0.000053
STORY12 6 EARTHYPOS 0.0264 0.2739 0.00037 0.004826
STORY12 6 EARTHXNE 0.2065 -0.0022 0.003605 0.000042
STORY12 6 EARTHYNE -0.0237 0.187 0.000452 0.003303
Modes to be considered
Mode Period UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY SumUZ RX RY RZ SumRX SumRY SumRZ
1 2.011891 73.191 0.3716 0 73.191 0.3716 0 0.498 98.1079 0.7076 0.498 98.1079 0.7076
2 2.00008 0.4585 73.4251 0 73.6495 73.7967 0 98.3399 0.6142 0.4465 98.8379 98.7221 1.154
3 1.846348 0.6381 0.5507 0 74.2876 74.3474 0 0.7261 0.8416 73.4912 99.564 99.5637 74.6453
4 0.575284 11.6339 0.0122 0 85.9216 74.3596 0 0 0.0011 0.07 99.564 99.5648 74.7153
5 0.572721 0.0154 11.627 0 85.937 85.9866 0 0.0006 0 0.0328 99.5646 99.5648 74.7481
6 0.53379 0.058 0.0305 0 85.995 86.017 0 0.0002 0.0002 11.3777 99.5648 99.5649 86.1258
7 0.2758 5.2171 0.0001 0 91.2121 86.0171 0 0 0.3503 0.0085 99.5648 99.9152 86.1343
8 0.275082 0.0001 5.2121 0 91.2122 91.2292 0 0.3514 0 0.0005 99.9162 99.9152 86.1348
9 0.259197 0.007 0.0001 0 91.2192 91.2293 0 0 0.0006 5.1355 99.9163 99.9158 91.2703
10 0.159108 2.9828 0.0011 0 94.202 91.2305 0 0 0.0272 0.0005 99.9163 99.943 91.2708
11 0.158866 0.0012 2.9758 0 94.2031 94.2063 0 0.0267 0 0.0016 99.943 99.943 91.2723
12 0.150641 0.0003 0.0022 0 94.2034 94.2085 0 0 0 2.951 99.943 99.943 94.2234
Base Shear Check
Story Load Loc P VX VY T MX MY
STORY1 EARTHXPOS Bottom 0 -39627.9 0 763385.4 0 -1083636
STORY1 EARTHYPOS Bottom 0 0 -59441.8 -1391285 1625454 0
STORY1 EARTHXNE Bottom 0 -39627.9 0 594520.7 0 -1083636
STORY1 EARTHYNE Bottom 0 0 -39627.9 -776083 1083636 0
STORY1 SPEC1 Bottom 0 53591.7 335.18 948623.2 8102.365 1119018
STORY1 SPEC2 Bottom 0 499.85 80274.32 1700467 1678271 12081.39
REFERENCE
1.IS 1893 (part 1) :2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake resistant
Design of structures Part 1

2. IS 456 : 2000 Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of
Practice( Fourth Revision)

3. IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 2 Imposed Loads.
(Second Revision)

4. IS 4326-2005: 1993 Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake
Resistant Design and Construction of Building Second Revision)

5.Anil K. Chopra [2003] Dynamics of Structures, Theory and Applications to
Earthquake Engineering


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