Tanks Lecture 3

Lecture 3
January 23, 2006

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 3 / Slide 2
In this lecture
Modeling of tanks
Time period of tanks

Modeling of tanks
As seen in Lecture 1 liquid may be replaced by
impulsive and convective mass for calculation of
hydrodynamic forces
See next slide for a quick review
Modeling of tanks
Rigid

m
c
K
c
/2
K
c
/2
m
i
h
i

(h
i
*
)
h
c

(h
c
*
)
m
i
= Impulsive liquid mass

m
c
= Convective liquid mass
K
c
= Convective spring stiffness
h
i
= Location of impulsive mass
(without considering overturnig
caused by base pressure)
h
c
= Location of convective mass
(without considering overturning
caused by base pressure)
h
i
*
= Location of impulsive mass
(including base pressure effect on
overturning)
h
c
*
= Location of convective mass
(including base pressure effect on
overturning)
Mechanical analogue
or
spring mass model of tank
Graphs and expression for these parameters are given in lecture 1.
Approximation in modeling
Sometimes, summation of m
i
and m
c
may not be
equal to total liquid mass, m
This difference may be about 2 to 3 %
Difference arises due to approximations in the
derivation of these expressions
More about it, later
If this difference is of concern, then
First, obtain m
c
from the graph or expression
Obtain m
i
= m m
c

Tanks of other shapes
For tank shapes such as Intze, funnel, etc. :
Consider equivalent circular tank of same
volume, with diameter equal to diameter at the
top level of liquid

Example:
An Intze container has volume of 1000 m
3
. Diameter of
container at top level of liquid is 16 m. Find dimensions of
equivalent circular container for computation of
hydrodynamic forces.

Equivalent circular container will have diameter of 16 m
and volume of 1000 m
3.
Height of liquid, h can be obtained
as :
t/4 x 16
2
x h = 1000
h = 1000 x 4/(t x 16
2
) = 4.97 m
Thus, for equivalent circular container,
h/D = 4.97/16 = 0.31
All the parameters (such as m
i
, m
c
etc.) are to be
obtained using h/D = 0.31

16 m
Intze container
volume = 1000 m
3
16 m
4.97 m
Equivalent circular container
Effect of obstructions inside tank
Container may have structural elements inside
For example: central shaft, columns supporting
the roof slab, and baffle walls
These elements cause obstruction to lateral
motion of liquid
This will affect impulsive and convective masses

Effect of these obstructions on impulsive and
convective mass is not well studied
A good research topic !
It is clear that these elements will reduce
convective (or sloshing) mass
More liquid will act as impulsive mass

In the absence of detailed analysis, following
approximation may be adopted:
Consider a circular or a rectangular container of
same height and without any internal elements
Equate the volume of this container to net
volume of original container
This will give diameter or lateral dimensions of container
Use this container to obtain h/D or h/L

Example: A circular cylindrical container has internal
diameter of 12 m and liquid height of 4 m. At the center
of the tank there is a circular shaft of outer diameter of
2 m. Find the dimensions of equivalent circular
cylindrical tank.

12 m
4 m
Hollow shaft of
2 m diameter
12 m
Elevation
Plan
Solution:
Net volume of container = t/4x(12
2
2
2
)x4 = 439.8 m
3
Equivalent cylinder will have liquid height of 4 m and its
volume has to be 439.8 m3.
Let D be the diameter of equivalent circular cylinder, then
t/4xD
2
x4 = 439.8 m
3
D = 11.83 m
Thus, for equivalent circular tank, h = 4 m, D = 11.83m
and h/D = 4/11.83 = 0.34.
This h/D shall be used to find parameters of mechanical
model of tank
Effect of wall flexibility
Parameters m
i
, m
c
etc. are obtained assuming
tank wall to be rigid
An assumption in the original work of Housner
(1963a)
Housner, G. W., 1963a, Dynamic analysis of fluids in
containers subjected to acceleration, Nuclear Reactors and
Earthquakes, Report No. TID 7024, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington D.C.
RC tank walls are quite rigid
Steel tank walls may be flexible
Particularly, in case of tall steel tanks
Wall flexibility affects impulsive pressure distribution
It does not substantially affect convective pressure
distribution
Refer Veletsos, Haroun and Housner (1984)
Veletsos, A. S., 1984, Seismic response and design of liquid
storage tanks, Guidelines for the seismic design of oil and gas
pipeline systems, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake
1Engineering, ASCE, N.Y., 255-370, 443-461.
Haroun, M. A. and Housner, G. W., 1984, Seismic design of liquid
storage tanks, Journal of Technical Councils of ASCE, Vol. 107,
TC1, 191-207.
Effect of wall flexibility on impulsive pressure depends
on
Aspect ratio of tank
Ratio of wall thickness to diameter
See next slide
Effect of wall flexibility on impulsive pressure distribution

From Veletsos (1984)
h
z
Rigid
tank
t
w
/ D = 0.0005
t
w
/ D = 0.0005

Impulsive pressure on wall
t
w
is wall thickness
h/D = 0.5
If wall flexibility is included, then mechanical
model of tank becomes more complicated
Moreover, its inclusion does not change seismic
forces appreciably
Thus, mechanical model based on rigid wall
assumption is considered adequate for design.
All international codes use rigid wall model for
RC as well as steel tanks
Only exception is NZSEE recommendation
(Priestley et al., 1986)
Priestley, M J N, et al., 1986, Seismic design of storage
tanks, Recommendations of a study group of the New
Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering.
American Petroleum Institute (API) standards,
which are exclusively for steel tanks, also use
mechanical model based on rigid wall
assumption
API 650, 1998, Welded storage tanks for oil storage,
American Petroleum Institute, Washington D. C., USA.
Effect of higher modes
m
i
and m
c
described in Lecture 1, correspond
to first impulsive and convective modes
For most tanks ( 0.15 < h/D < 1.5) the first
impulsive and convective modes together
account for 85 to 98% of total liquid mass
Hence, higher modes are not included
This is also one of the reasons for summation of
m
i
and m
c
being not equal to total liquid mass
For more information refer Veletsos (1984) and
Malhotra (2000)
Malhotra, P. K., Wenk, T. and Wieland, M., 2000, Simple
procedure for seismic analysis of liquid-storage tanks,
Structural Engineering International, 197-201.
Modeling of ground supported tanks
Step 1:
Obtain various parameters of mechanical model
These include, m
i
, m
c
, K
c
, h
i
, h
c
, h
i
*
and h
c
*

Step 2:
Calculate mass of tank wall (m
w
), mass of roof
(m
t
) and mass of base slab (m
b
)of container
This completes modeling of ground supported
tanks
Modeling of elevated tanks
Elevated tank consists of container and staging

Elevated tank
Container
Staging
Wall
Roof slab
Floor slab
Liquid is replaced by impulsive and convective
masses, m
i
and m
c
All other parameters such as h
i
, h
c
, etc, shall be
obtained as described earlier
Lateral stiffness, K
s
, of staging must be
considered
This makes it a two-degree-of-freedom model
Also called two mass idealization
h
i

m
c

m
i

h
c

h
s

Spring mass model
Two degree of freedom system
OR
Two mass idealization of elevated tanks
K
s

m
i
+m
s

m
c

K
c

K
c
/2
K
c
/2
m
s
is structural mass, which comprises of :
Mass of container, and
One-third mass of staging
Mass of container includes
Mass of roof slab
Mass of wall
Mass of floor slab and beams

Two Degree of Freedom System
2-DoF system requires solution of a 2 2 eigen
value problem to obtain
Two natural time periods
Corresponding mode shapes
See any standard text book on structural
dynamics on how to solve 2-DoF system
For most elevated tanks, the two natural time
periods (T
1
and T
2
) are well separated.
T
1
generally may exceed 2.5 times T
2.

Two Degree of Freedom System
Hence the 2-DoF system can be treated as two
uncoupled single degree of freedom systems
One representing m
i
+m
s
and K
s
Second representing m
c
and K
c
K
s

m
i
+m
s

m
c

K
c

Two degree of freedom system
K
s

m
i
+m
s

m
c

K
c

Two uncoupled
single degree of freedom systems
when T
1
2.5 T
2
Priestley et al. (1986) suggested that this
approximation is reasonable if ratio of two time
periods exceeds 2.5
Important to note that this approximation is
done only for the purpose of calculating time
periods
This significantly simplifies time period calculation
Otherwise, one can obtain time periods of 2-DoF
system as per procedure of structural dynamics.

Steps in modeling of elevated tanks
Step 1:
Obtain parameters of mechanical analogue
These include m
i
, m
c
, K
c
, h
i
, h
c
, h
i
*
and h
c
*
Other tank shapes and obstructions inside the container shall
be handled as described earlier
Step 2:
Calculate mass of container and mass of staging
Step 3:
Obtain stiffness of staging

Recall, in IS 1893:1984, convective mass is not
considered
It assumes entire liquid will act as impulsive mass
Hence, elevated tank is modeled as single
degree of freedom ( SDoF) system
As against this, now, elevated tank is modeled
as 2-DoF system
This 2-DoF system can be treated as two
uncoupled SDoF systems

Models of elevated tanks

K
s

m
i
+m
s

m
c

K
c

K
s

m +m
s
m =Total liquid mass
As per the Guideline
As per IS 1893:1984
Example: An elevated tank with circular cylindrical
container has internal diameter of 11.3 m and water
height is 3 m. Container mass is 180 t and staging mass
is 100 t. Lateral stiffness of staging is 20,000 kN/m.
Model the tank using the Guideline and IS 1893:1984

Solution:
Internal diameter, D = 11.3 m, Water height, h = 3 m.
Container is circular cylinder,
Volume of water = t/4 x D
2
x h
= t /4 x 11.3
2
x 3 = 300.9 m
3
.
mass of water, m = 300.9 t.

h/D = 3/11.3 = 0.265
From Figure 2 of the Guideline, for h/D = 0.265:
m
i
/m = 0.31, m
c
/m = 0.65 and K
c
h/mg = 0.47

m
i
= 0.31 x m = 0.31 x 300.9 = 93.3 t
m
c
= 0.65 x m = 0.65 x 300.9 = 195.6 t
K
c
= 0.47 x mg/h
= 0.47 x 300.9 x 9.81/3 = 462.5 kN/m

Mass of container = 180 t
Mass of staging = 100 t

Structural mass of tank, m
s

= mass of container +1/3
rd
mass of staging
= 180 +1/3 x 100
= 213.3 t
Lateral stiffness of staging, K
s
= 20,000 kN/m
K
s

m
i
+m
s

m
c

K
c

K
s

m+m
s

Model of tank as per the Guideline Model of tank as per IS 1893:1984
m
i
= 93.3 t, m
s
= 213.3 t, m
c
= 195.6 t,
K
s
= 20,000 kN/m, K
c
= 462.5 kN/m
m = 300.9 t, m
s
= 213.3 t,
K
s
= 20,000 kN/m
Time period
What is time period ?
For a single degree of freedom system, time
period (T ) is given by

K
M
T t 2 =
M is mass and K is stiffness
T is in seconds
M should be in kg; K should be in Newton per
meter (N/m)
Else, M can be in Tonnes and K in kN/m
Time period
Mathematical model of tank comprises of
impulsive and convective components
Hence, time periods of impulsive and convective
mode are to be obtained

Time period of impulsive mode
Procedure to obtain time period of impulsive
mode (T
i
) will be described for following three
cases:
Ground supported circular tanks
Ground supported rectangular tanks
Elevated tanks

T
i
for ground-supported circular tanks
Ground supported circular tanks
Time period of impulsive mode, T
i
is given by:
E t/D
h
C T
i i
=
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
i
0.067(h/D) 0.3h/D 0.46 h/D
1
C
= Mass density of liquid
E = Youngs modulus of tank material
t = Wall thickness
h = Height of liquid
D = Diameter of tank
T
i
C
i
can also be obtained from Figure 5 of the
Guidelines

0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
C
i
C
c
h/D
C

T
i
This formula is taken from Eurocode 8
Eurocode 8, 1998, Design provisions for earthquake
resistance of structures, Part 1- General rules and Part 4
Silos, tanks and pipelines, European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels.
If wall thickness varies with height, then
thickness at 1/3
rd
height from bottom shall be
used
Some steel tanks may have step variation of wall
thickness with height

T
i
This formula is derived based on assumption
that wall mass is quite small compared to liquid
mass
More information on time period of circular
tanks may be seen in Veletsos (1984) and
Nachtigall et al. (2003)
Nachtigall, I., Gebbeken, N. and Urrutia-Galicia, J. L., 2003, On the
analysis of vertical circular cylindrical tanks under earthquake
excitation at its base, Engineering Structures, Vol. 25, 201-213.

T
i
It is important to note that wall flexibility is
considered in this formula
For tanks with rigid wall, time period will be zero
This should not be confused with rigid wall
assumption in the derivation of m
i
and m
c
Wall flexibility is neglected only in the evaluation
of impulsive and convective masses
However, wall flexibility is included while
calculating time period
T
i
This formula is applicable to tanks with fixed
base condition
i.e., tank wall is rigidly connected or fixed to the
base slab
In some circular tanks, wall and base have
flexible connections
T
i
Ground supported tanks with flexible base are
described in ACI 350.3 and AWWA D-110
ACI 350.3, 2001, Seismic design of liquid containing
concrete structures, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hill, MI, USA.
AWWA D-110, 1995, Wire- and strand-wound circular,
prestressed concrete water tanks, American Water Works
Association, Colorado, USA.
In these tanks, there is a flexible pad between
wall and base
Refer Figure 6 of the Guideline
T
i
Such tanks are perhaps not used in India
Types of connections between tank wall and base slab
T
i
Impulsive mode time period of ground
supported tanks with fixed base is generally
very low
These tanks are quite rigid
T
i
will usually be less than 0.4 seconds
In this short period range, spectral acceleration,
S
a
/g has constant value
See next slide
T
i
Impulsive mode time period of ground supported
tanks likely to remain in this range
S
a
/
g

T
i
Example: A ground supported steel tank has water
height, h = 25 m, internal diameter, D = 15 m and
wall thickness, t=15 mm. Find time period of
impulsive mode.

Solution: h = 25 m, D = 15 m, t = 15 mm.
For water, mass density, = 1 t/m
3
.
For steel, Youngs modulus, E = 2x10
8
kN/m
2
.
h/D = 25/15 = 1.67. From Figure 5, C
i
= 5.3
T
i
E t/D
h
C T
i i
=
Time period of impulsive mode,
8
i
2x10 0.015/15
1.0 25
5.3 T =
= 0.30 sec
Important to note that, even for such a slender tank of
steel, time period is low.
For RC tanks and other short tanks, time period will be
further less.
T
i
In view of this, no point in putting too much
emphasis on evaluation of impulsive mode time
period for ground supported tanks
Recognizing this point, API standards have
suggested a constant value of spectral
acceleration for ground supported circular steel
tanks
Thus, users of API standards need not find
impulsive time period of ground supported tanks

T
i
for ground-supported rectangular tanks
T
i
for ground-supported rectangular tanks
Procedure to find time period of impulsive mode
is described in Clause no. 4.3.1.2 of the
Guidelines
This will not be repeated here
Time period is likely to be very low and S
a
/g will
remain constant
As described earlier
Hence, not much emphasis on time period
evaluation
T
i
for Elevated tanks
For elevated tanks, flexibility of staging is important
Time period of impulsive mode, T
i
is given by:

s
s i
i
K
m m
2 T
+
= t
m
i
= Impulsive mass of liquid
m
s
= Mass of container and one-third mass of staging
K
s
= Lateral stiffness of staging
A= Horizontal deflection of center of gravity of tank when a
horizontal force equal to (m
i
+ m
s
)g is applied at the
center of gravity of tank
OR
g
2 T
A
t =
T
i
for Elevated tanks
These two formulae are one and the same
Expressed in terms of different quantities
Center of gravity of tank refers to combined
mass center of empty container plus impulsive
mass of liquid
T
i
for Elevated tanks
Example: An elevated tank stores 250 t of water. Ratio of
water height to internal diameter of container is 0.5.
Container mass is 150 t and staging mass is 90 t.
Lateral stiffness of staging is 20,000 kN/m. Find time
period of impulsive mode

Solution: h/D = 0.5, Hence from Figure 2a of the
Guideline, m
i
/m = 0.54;
m
i
= 0.54 x 250 = 135 t
Structural mass of tank, m
s

= mass of container + 1/3
rd
mass of staging
= 150 + 90/3 = 180 t
T
i
for Elevated tanks
Time period of impulsive mode

s
s i
i
K
m m
2 T
+
= t
000 20
180 135
2
,
T
i
+
t =
= 0.79 sec.
s
s
is force required
to be applied at CG of tank to cause a
corresponding unit horizontal deflection
CG
o
P
K
s
= P/ o
s
For frame type staging, lateral stiffness shall be
obtained by suitably modeling columns and
braces
More information can be seen in Sameer and
Jain (1992, 1994)
Sameer, S. U., and Jain, S. K., 1992, Approximate
methods for determination of time period of water tank
staging, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 66, No. 12,
691-698.
Sameer, S. U., and Jain, S. K., 1994, Lateral load analysis
of frame staging for elevated water tanks, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.120, No.5, 1375-1393.
Some commonly used frame type staging
configurations are shown in next slide
s
4 columns 6 columns 8 columns
9 columns
12 columns
Plan view of frame staging configurations
s
24 columns 52 columns
s
Explanatory handbook, SP:22 has considered
braces as rigid beams
SP:22 1982, Explanatory Handbook on Codes for
Earthquake Engineering, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi
This is unrealistic modeling
Leads to lower time period
Hence, higher base shear coefficient
This is another limitation of IS 1893:1984
Using a standard structural analysis software,
staging can be modeled and analyzed to
estimate lateral stiffness

s
Shaft type staging can be treated as a vertical
cantilever fixed at base and free at top
If flexural behavior is dominant, then
Its stiffness will be K
s
= 3EI/L
3
This will be a good approximation if height to
diameter ratio is greater than two
Otherwise, shear deformations of shaft would
affect the stiffness and should be included.

Time period of convective mode
Convective mass is m
c
and stiffness is K
c
Time period of convective mode is:

c
c
c
K
m
T t 2 =
m
c
and K
c
for circular and rectangular tanks can
be obtained from graphs or expressions
These are described in Lecture 1
Refer Figures 2 and 3 of the Guidelines
For further simplification, expressions for m
c

and K
c
are substituted in the formula for T
c
Then one gets,
) / 68 . 3 ( 68 . 3
2
D h tanh
C
c
t
=
D/g C T
c c
=
L/g C T
c c
=
For circular tanks:
For rectangular tanks:
)) / ( 16 . 3 ( 16 . 3
2
L h tanh
C
c
t
=
Graphs for obtaining C
c
are given in Figures 5
and 7 of the Guidelines
These are reproduced in next two slides
Convective mass and stiffness are not affected
by flexibility of base or staging
Hence, convective time period expressions are
common for ground supported as well as
elevated tanks
Convective mode time periods are usually very
large
Their values can be as high as 10 seconds
Fig. 5 For circular tanks
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
C
i
C
c
C

h/D
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
D
Fig. 7 For rectangular tanks
h/L
C
c

Example: For a circular tank of internal diameter, 12 m
and liquid height of 4 m. Calculate time period of
convective mode.

Solution: h = 4 m, D = 12 m,
h/D = 4/12 = 0.33
From Figure 5 of the Guidelines, C
c
= 3.6
D/g C T
c c
=
Time period of convective mode,
12/9.81 3.6 T
c
=
= 3.98 sec
At the end of Lecture 3
Based on mechanical models, time period for
impulsive and convective modes can be
obtained for ground supported and elevated
tanks
For ground supported tanks, impulsive mode
time period is likely to be very less
Convective mode time period can be very large

Tanks Lecture 3

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January 23, 2006

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