Internal

Combustion
Engine
Overview
GROUP 1
Abdul Hannan 19
Taha Mustahsan 14
Hassan Mahmood 09
Adnan Ali 07
Fakhar Anwaar 04
Points of discussion
Types of engines
Classification of engines
Glossary of Engine Terms
Lubrication System
Carburetor and EFI system
Combustion chambers: Designs and types
CNG, LNG and LPG
Effects on the environment
Types of engines
There are basically two types of engines
1. Internal Combustion Engines
2. External Combustion Engines
Internal combustion engines
In internal combustion engines the
combustion of the fuel occurs inside the
combustion chamber. The fuel air mixture is
entered the combustion chamber and then
it is provided by the spark for the ignition of
the fuel.
CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES
Application
Basic Engine Design
Operating Cycle
Working Cycle
Valve/Port Design and Location
Fuel
Mixture Preparation
Ignition
Stratification of Charge
Combustion Chamber Design
Method of Load Control
Cooling
Applications
Automotive
Car
Truck/Bus
Off-highway
Locomotive
Light Aircraft
Marine
Power Generation
Agricultural
Tractors
Pump sets
Home Use
Lawnmowers
Snow blowers
Tools
Basic Engine Design
1. Reciprocating
Single Cylinder
Multi-cylinder
Radial
Opposed
Cylinder
Opposed
Piston
Rotary
Types of Reciprocating
Engines
V Engine
Operating cycles

Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)
Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI
Engine)
Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing
type SI Engine)
Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
Working Cycles

Four Stroke Cycle
Two Stroke Cycle
Fuel
Conventional
Crude oil derived
Petrol
Diesel
Other sources
Coal
Wood (includes bio-mass)
Tar Sands
Alternate
Petroleum derived
CNG
LPG
Bio-mass Derived
Alcohols (methyl and ethyl)
Vegetable oils
Producer gas and biogas
Hydrogen
Blending
Dual fueling
Mixture Preparation
Carburetion
Fuel Injection
Diesel
Gasoline
Manifold
Port
Cylinder
Ignition
Spark Ignition
Conventional
Battery
Magneto
Compression Ignition
Combustion Chamber
Design
1. Open Chamber
Disc type
Wedge
Hemispherical
Bowl-in-piston
Other design
Divided Chamber (For CI)
Swirl chamber
Pre-chamber
Methods of Load control
Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant)
Also called Charge Control
Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine
Fuel Control (To vary the mixture strength
according to load)
Used in the C.I. Engine
Combination
Used in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.
Types of cooling
Direct Air-cooling

Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.
Basic Engine Terms
Camshaft
Shaft that is moved by the crankshaft with two or more offset cams
(lobes) that operate the valves
Combustion
Process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and
light (burning)
Compression
Phase in the working of an internal combustion engine where a
combination of fuel and air is compressed in a cylinder before
being ignited
Crank/crankshaft
Rod that spins and drives a piston movement in the cylinder
Crank angle
Angle that can be measured between the crankshaft and top
dead centre

Basic Engine Terms
Cylinder
Central working part of a reciprocating (or piston) engine, the
space through which a piston travels
Exhaust
Gases ejected from an engine as waste products
Flame speed
Fuel's ability to undergo controlled combustion without detonation.
Flame speed can be used as a measure of efficiency
Fuel injection
System for mixing fuel with air. Fuel injection atomizes the fuel by
forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure
Spark plug
Electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal
combustion engines and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by
means of an electric spark

Basic Engine Terms
Inlet valve
One way valve that allows air into a compressor
Naturally aspirated
An internal combustion engine devoid of forced induction methods
NOx
A chemical term for nitrogen oxides produced during combustion and a
contributor to smog and acid rain
Outlet valve (exhaust valve)
One way valve that allows compressed air out of a compressor
Piston
Rod inside a cylinder that is moved by pneumatic pressure
Carburetor
The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle:
the faster air moves, the lower its static
pressure, and the higher its dynamic
The carburetor is a device that vaporizes
gasoline and mixes it with air in the proper ratio
for combustion in an internal combustion
engine. pressure.
Carburetor
The carburetor has a FLOAT CHAMBER that is
supplied with fuel from the FUEL TANK.
The fuel is forced through a FUEL FILTER under
pressure from the FUEL PUMP.
The float chamber contains a FLOAT VALVE that
regulates the flow of fuel into the chamber.
When the float chamber is full of fuel, the float
valve stops the flow of fuel until needed again.

Carburetor
Function
The function of the carburetor is to supply the
proper fuel-air ratio to the engine cylinder during
suction created by the downward movement of
the piston.
As the piston moves downward a pressure
difference is created between
the atmosphere and the cylinder which leads to
the suction of air in the cylinder.
This sucked air will also carry with it some droplets
of fuel discharged from a tube.
The rate at which fuel is discharged into the air will
depend upon the pressure difference created.
Advantages
Cheaper to Buy
Cheaper to Tune
Easier to Tune

Disadvantages
Idle
Internal Problems
A busted connection rod, a hole in the piston, a
bent valve or a destroyed head gasket, may
cause compression problems, according to RC
Trucks.
Fuel/Air Mixture
Some carburetors do not have adequate fuel/air
mixture, which usually occurs after the motorcycle
has not been operated for a while. The gasoline in
the motorcycle decomposes and clogs the
carburetor circuits, according to RC Trucks.
Fuel Injection
Fuel Injection is a technology that is being used
in bikes and cars these days.
The technology is used to eliminate the need
for carburetors.
The technology helps the engine to supply fuel
directly to the cylinder in the intake manifold,
eliminating the use of carburetor to much
extent.
Function of Fuel Injection

Filter the fuel
Meter or measure the correct quantity of
fuel to be injected
Time of fuel injection
Control the rate of fuel injection
Atomize or break up the fuel to fine
particles
Properly distribute the fuel in the
combustion chamber

Objectives of Fuel Injection
Fuel Efficiency
Reliability
Emission performance
Output power
To accommodate alternative fuels
Smooth Operation
Basic cost
Maintenance cost
Diagnostic Capability
Environmental operation

Advantages of Fuel Injection

Uniform Air/Fuel Mixture Distribution
Each cylinder has its own injector which delivers fuel directly to the intake
valve.
Highly Accurate Air/Fuel Ratio Control
Throughout All Engine Operating Conditions EFI supplies a continuously
accurate air/fuel ratio to the engine no matter what operating conditions
are encountered.
Superior Throttle Response and Power
This improves torque and throttle response.
Excellent Fuel Economy With Improved Emissions Control
Cold engine and wide open throttle enrichment can be reduced with an EFI
engine because fuel puddling in the intake manifold is not a problem.
Improved Cold Engine Start ability and Operation
The combination of better fuel atomization and injection directly at the
intake valve improves ability to start and run a cold engine.
Simpler Mechanics, Reduced Adjustment Sensitivity
The EFI system does not rely on any major adjustments for cold enrichment
or fuel metering. Because the system is mechanically simple, maintenance
requirements are reduced.
Disadvantages of EFI

Every system has its own share of benefits and risks.
So does the fuel injection system, though the risks
are very minimal. Due to the high pressure
developed in the engine, a fuel injection system
causes some potential hazards. A residual pressure
may remain in the engine even after the engine is
turned off and it may cause an injury to the
operator
The EFI system does not rely on any major
adjustments for cold enrichment or fuel metering.
Because the system is mechanically
simple, maintenance requirements are reduced.

Types of Fuel Mixtures
Rich Mixture
Lean Mixture
Chemically Balanced
Combustion Chambers
The combustion chamber is the area
inside the engine where the fuel/air
mixture is compressed and then ignited.
Air-fuel mixture is injected in the chamber
where it is burned with the help of spark or
compression.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER DESIGN
Open Chamber
Disc type
Wedge
Hemispherical
Bowl-in-piston
Divided Chamber (For CI)
Swirl chamber
Pre-chamber
Divided Chamber(For SI)
CVCC
Other designs

HEMISPHERICAL/PENT-ROOF OR THE
HEMI COMBUSTION CHAMBER
A chamber of this design is considered to offer
the least amount of compromise for the
efficiency gained.
The valves are placed at the outside of the bore
area and at a specific angle from the crankshaft
center line.
Optimizing this position allows for huge airflow
gains, since, it moves the valve away from the
wall to keep it from creating turbulence.

HEMISPHERICAL/PENT-ROOF OR THE
HEMI COMBUSTION CHAMBER
WEDGE-SHAPED CHAMBERS

Used over the years by almost every
manufacturer, this type of chamber resembles
an inclined basin recessed into the deck of the
head.
Inline valves are normally tilted to
accommodate the sloping roof of this design.
The spark plug is located on the thick side of
the wedge and is usually positioned midway
between the valves.

BATHTUB OR HEART-SHAPED
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
The bathtub designation is generally
reserved for any chamber that's not a
wedge or hemispherical.
Most domestic engines of pushrod design
have used it in varying forms.
In some instances the shape of the
combustion chamber was almost oval,
with later trends being the more efficient
heart shape.

BOWL IN PISTON
This approach is essentially the reverse of
a chamber-in-head design. It isn't popular
with U.S. engine designers, although it was
in the early part of the 20th Century in flat-
head engine configurations. European
engine designers do still occasionally use
this design, however.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The distance travelled by the flame front
should be minimized.
The exhaust valve (s) and spark
plug (s) should be close together.
There should be sufficient turbulence.
The end gas should be in a cool part
of the combustion chamber

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), has many
uses; from heating to vehicles. It is made
up of hydrocarbon gases. When used for
vehicles, LPG is a mixture of propane and
butane (this is called auto gas). When
compressed, it turns into liquid form. 1L of
LPG liquid is equivalent to 270L of LPG
vapors.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
LPG ADVANTAGES LPG DISADVANTAGES
LPG is cheaper than petrol (up to
50%)
It produces less exhaust emissions
than petrol
It is better for the engine and it can
prolong engine life
In some vehicles, it can provide
better performance
Has a higher octane rating than
petrol (108 compared to 91)

It isn't highly available
The initial cost for converting your
vehicle to LPG can cost up to $3000.
However the average car can repay
the cost of the conversion in about 2
years
It has a lower energy density than
petrol
No new passenger cars come readily
fitted with LPG (they have to be
converted)
The gas tank takes up a considerable
amount of space in the car boot

COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil
fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel,
or propane/LPG.
CNG may also be mixed with biogas,
produced from landfills or wastewater,
which doesn't increase the concentration
of carbon in the atmosphere.

CNG ADVANTAGES CNG DISADVANTAGES
Is more environment friendly than
oil or coal? It is largely because of
the fact that it has only one
carbon, and hence, produces
fewer emissions. It is a known fact
that for same amount of heat, it
emits 30% less carbon dioxide than
burning oil and 45% less carbon
dioxide than burning coal, thereby,
improving the quality of air.
Is cheap (less expensive than
gasoline), and therefore, very cost-
effective.
Can be safely stored and burned.
Most of its natural reserves are still
underutilized.
Emits 60-90% less smog-producing
pollutants.
Due to clean burning process,
doesn't produce ashes after
energy release.
Has high heating value of 24,000
Btu per pound.

One disadvantage of natural gas
that is often credited as an
advantage by experts is that it's a
non-renewable energy resource. Its
availability is finite. Critics also point
that its extraction leaves out large
craters within the earth.
Is highly volatile (highly flammable),
and can be dangerous, if handled
carelessly.
Is colorless, odorless, and tasteless,
that makes detection of its leak
very difficult.
In gas pipelines, a substance
(contains carbon monoxide) that
has a strong odor is added to help
detect a leak. But, these
substances may be harmful and
cause deaths. In fact, natural gas
use is the most common cause of
carbon monoxide deaths.
Constructing and managing such
pipelines cost a lot.

LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
For certain applications where weight and
vehicle range are critical; LNG may be the
perfect choice.
LNG systems operate at low pressure and can
store as much as 2.5 times the fuel in the
same space as conventional CNG systems.
LNG is transported and stored at extremely
low temperatures and requires the use of
vacuum-insulated storage tanks.

LNG ADVANTAGES LNG DISADVANTAGES
Few tanks , less space requirements
Greater fuel density
Lower weight storage

The complexity of tanks
Pressure and temperature
management of the fuel to the
engine is more complex
High maintenance cost of cryogenic
parts
Use the fuel or lose it
Reliability is challenging
The life cycle fuel cost over CNG
maybe the higher

OCTANE NO & CETANE NO
Cetane number (diesel fuel) and octane
number (gasoline) both measure the
tendency of the fuel to ignite spontaneously.
In the cetane number scale, high values
represent fuels that ignite readily and,
therefore, perform better in a diesel engine.
In the octane number scale, high values
represent fuels that resist spontaneous ignition
and, therefore, have less tendency to knock
in a gasoline engine.
Cetane vs Octane
The Octane Number of a gasoline is defined as the
volume percent of isooctane(2,2,4-trimethylpentane,
an isomer of octane) in a blend of isooctane and n-
heptane whereas The cetane number of a fuel is
defined as the volume percent of n-hexadecane in
a blend of n-hexadecane and 1-
methylnaphthalenethat gives the same ignition
delay period as the test sample.
The octane Number is a measure of the auto ignition
resistance of gasoline (petrol) and other fuels used in
spark-ignition internal combustion engines. It's a
measure of anti-detonation of a gasoline or fuel or
The Cetane Number is a measure of the combustion
quality of diesel fuel under compression.
Cetane vs Octane
Isooctane is given a maximum octane number, i.e.
100. N-heptane is given a minimum octane
number, i.e. 0 whereas N-hexadecane is given a
maximum octane number, i.e. 100. 1-
methylnaphthalene is given a minimum octane
number, i.e. 0.
Octane numbers are only used between 0and
100. The fuels having better anti-knocking property
than isooctane are rated in other scales like
octane Performance whereas Cetane numbers
are only used for the relatively light distillate diesel
oils. For heavy (residual) fuel oil two other scale a
reused CCAI and CII.

Cetane vs Octane
Octane number is actually a measure of a fuel's auto
ignition (prematurely) delay; the time period between the
start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of the
fuel. In a particular internal combustion engine, higher
octane fuels will have larger ignition delay periods than
lower octane fuels whereas Cetane number is actually a
measure of a fuel's ignition delay; the time period between
the start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of
the fuel. In a particular diesel engine, higher cetane fuels
will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane
fuels.
The higher the octane number the better is the resistance
of Gasoline to combustion prematurely, known as Knocking
whereas The Higher Cetane number means that the Diesel
will ignite readily and, therefore, perform better in a diesel
engine.



Lubrication System in IC Engines
In an IC engine the engine parts rub with
each other and causes friction
Heat is generated due to that friction and
cause wear easily
Function of Lubrication
Reduces friction between moving parts
Reduces wear and tears
Minimize power losses due to friction
Provide cooling effect
Reduces noises created by moving parts
Parts that required lubrication
Crank shaft
Crank pin
Big and small end of the connecting rod
Piston pin
Internal surfaces of the cylinder walls
Piston rings
Valve mechanisms
Lubrication Systems
The main lubrication systems are:
Petrol lubrication system or Mist lubrication
system.
Wet sump lubrication system.

Petrol Lubrication System or
Mist Lubrication System
This system of lubrication is used in scooters
and motor cycles. About 3% to 6% of
lubricating oil is added with petrol in the
petrol tank.
The petrol evaporates when the engine is
working. The lubricating oil is left behind in the
form of mist.
The parts of the engine such as piston cylinder
walls, connecting rod are lubricated by being
wetted with the oil mist

Disadvantage
If the added oil is less, there will not be
sufficient lubrication and even result in
seizure of the engine
If the added oil is more, it will lead to
excess exhaust smoke and carbon
deposits in the cylinder exhaust parts and
spark plugs

Pressure-Feed System
In the pressure-feed system, oil is forced by the oil pump
through oil lines and drilled passageways.
The oil, passing through the drilled passageways under
pressure, supplies the necessary lubrication for
the crankshaft main bearings, the connecting-
rod bearings piston-pin bushings, camshaft bearings, valve
lifters, valve push rods, and rocker studs.
Oil passing through the oil lines is directed to the timing
gears and the valve rocker shafts in order to lubricate these
parts. The cylinder walls are lubricated by oil thrown off the
connecting-rod and piston-pin bearings.
Some engines have oil spit holes in the connecting rods
that line up with drilled holes in the crankshaft journal during
each revolution, and through or spit a steam of oil onto the
cylinder walls.

The Splash system
The splash system is used only on small four-
stroke-cycle engines such as lawn mower
engines. As the engine is operating, dippers
on the ends of the connecting rods enter the
oil supply; pick up sufficient oil to lubricate the
connecting-rod bearing, and splash oil to the
upper parts of the engine.
The oil is thrown up as droplets, or fine spray,
which lubricates the cylinder walls, piston pins
and valve mechanism.

Full Force Feed
In a full force-feed lubrication system, the
main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft
bearings, and the complete valve
mechanism are lubricated by oil under
pressure.
The full force-feed lubrication system provides
lubrication under pressure to the pistons and
the piston pins.
This is accomplished by holes drilled the
length of the connecting rod, creating an oil
passage from the connecting rod bearing

Thank You
For your attention!