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Lecture 2
Anode Cathode
+ Forward Biased -
- Reverse Biased +
A one-way valve
Today’s problem
Three stages:
● Observe how it behaves
● Describe this mathematically
Breakdown Voltage
V b> -100v
V ~ 0.7v V
on
Threshold Voltage
Reverse
Biased
Is it linear?
I
0.7
A
0.6
D io d e C u rre n t (A )
0.5
I I
0.4
1
0.3
V R
R
0.2
B
0.1
C
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 V
V o lt a g e a c ro s s d io d e (V )
Is it linear?
1K 1K
V ? V ?
d d
0v 0v
Which diode is forward biased and which is reverse biased ?
What is the approximate voltage across each diode?
+0.2v
1K
V ?
d
0v
Describe it mathematically
(Why?
At the end of the day we will need
numbers, and maths is what gives
these)
Device Model - Forward Bias
Simplified Device Equation I D = IS ( e VD / nVT
− 1)
0.8
I
D 0.7
constants
D io d e C u rre n t (A )
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
V o lta g e a c ro s s d io d e (V )
VD
That equation ...
I D = IS ( e VD / nVT
− 1)
How do you read this? What does it tell you?
● What is the approximate shape of the curve?
● Does the -1 matter? (Minor detail? Dominate?)
● What is ID when VD = 0?
0.5
Reverse Bias
0.1
Saturation Current
0
-8 -12
I = 10 to 10 A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
V o lta g e a c ro s s d io d e (V )
VD s
That equation (reprise)
I D = IS ( eVD / nVT − 1)
VT = q / kT (about 25 mV at room temperature)
q is charge on electron
k is Boltzmann’s constant
T is absolute (i.e. Kelvin) temperature
A ‘constant’ that depends on temperature
so
ID = IS e( qVD / nkT
−1 )
Stage 3
*
If it doesn’t have predictive value,
it gets the sack!
Analysis of Simple Diode Circuit.
+
Vs ID RL
-
VS = I D (rS + RL ) + VD
Can we solve it?
0.7
Device Eqn
0.6
0.5
R +r 0.4
V
D
Is this always necessary?
When VD ≤ 0 then I D = 0
● Forward Bias: No voltage drop across the diode,
short circuit.
When I D > 0 then VD = 0
The ideal diode
rs rs
+ +
Vs ID RL Vs RL
- -
Vs
I = V = Vs
D R +r D
L s
Example using the Ideal Diode
1K 1K 1K 1K
0v 0v 0v 0v
Voltage across the diode Voltage across the diode
V = 10v V =0
D D
The Ideal Diode in circuit analysis.
Disadvantages
● Gross approximation of the I-V
characteristics
Advantages
● Simple to apply.
● Yields a quick approximation
Summary
● Diodes have nonlinear I-V characteristics.
● The slope from any point on the diode I-V
curve to the origin defines the DC resistance.
● The operational point of a simple diode
circuit can be obtained graphically by the
construction of a load line on the diode I-V.
● In the Ideal Diode approximation, the diode is
modelled as:
– An open circuit for the diode reverse biased.
– A short circuit for the diode forward biased.