AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

UNIT II

DRIVE TRAIN



Clutch
A Clutch is a device used to connect the
driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the
driven shaft may be started or stopped at will,
without stopping the driving shaft.
A popularly known application of clutch is in
automotive vehicles where it is used to connect
the engine and the gear box. Here the clutch
enables to crank and start the engine
disengaging the transmission Disengage the
transmission and change the gear to alter the
torque on the wheels.
Classification of Clutches
1. Friction Clutch:
a. Cone Clutch :
b. Single Plate Clutch:
c. Multiplate Clutch:
i. Wet type ii .Dry type
2. Centrifugal Clutch
3. Diaphragm Spring Clutch
4. Positive Clutch

Single Plate Clutch
Single plate clutch is the one in which only
one friction plate is used to transmit torque
from the engine to the gearbox input shaft.
Used in most of the light vehicle nowadays.
In clutch, flywheel acts as a driving member,
whereas gearbox input shafts acts as driven
member.
Clutch unit consist of friction plate, pressure
plate, pressed steel cover and diaphragm
springs.
Single Plate Clutch
Single Plate Clutch
Single Plate Clutch
Construction
In single plate, the friction plate is held in
between flywheel and pressure plate.
Springs are used to provide clamping force on
the friction plate.
Gearbox input shaft is provided with internal
splines that engage directly to the splines of the
central hub of the pressure plate.
Friction facing is provided on both the sides of
friction plate to provide friction surfaces for
power transmission


Working
When engine rotates, the torque of the crank
shaft is transmitted to gear box input shaft
through flywheel, friction plate and the central
hub of pressure plate.
As the input shaft of gear box is directly
splined to the central hub, it also starts
rotating.
Thus, the engine torque is transmitted from
the engine flywheel to the gear box shaft
through friction plate and central hub of
pressure plate. This is the engaged position of
clutch to the engine.

Working
Similarly, when the clutch pedal is pressed,
the pressure plate is moved back against the
force of diaphragm spring, which makes
friction plate free between flywheel and
pressure plate, and torque of engine could
not be transmitted to the transmission shaft.
This is disengaging position of the clutch
from the engine.

ADVANTAGES
a. Gear shifting is easy.
b. More reliable
DISADVANTAGES
1. Springs has to be stiffer so required more
force to operate the clutch pedal

Figure
The diaphragm type clutch uses a diaphragm or
a conical spring instead of coil spring to produce
adequate pressure for engaging the clutch.
The clutch cover is secured to the engine
flywheel.
The pivot rings are held in the clutch cover.
The outer rim of the diaphragm spring is in
contact with the pressure plate.
In engaged position, the diaphragm spring keeps
the pressure plate in firm contact with the
flywheel.
To disengage the clutch, clutch pedal is pressed
which causes the linkage to move the throw out
bearing forward.
This causes the ring of the diaphragm spring
move backward, which is away from flywheel.
This happens because diaphragm spring is
pivoted.
Advantages:
a. Does not have release levers.
b. Less effort is required.
c. Compact in design.

Centrifugal Clutch

A centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses
centrifugal force to connect two concentric
shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the
driven shaft.
Construction & Working:
1. The centrifugal force is used to apply the
required pressure to keep the clutch in
engaged position .
2. As the speed increases , the weight flies there
by operating the bell crank lever which
presses the pressure plate.

This force is transmitted to the clutch disc by
means of spring.
The clutch disc containing friction lining is thus
pressed against the flywheel there by engaging
the clutch.
The spring serves to keep the clutch disengaged
at low speed. The stopper limits the amount of
centrifugal force.
USE :
Centrifugal clutches are often used in mopeds
, under bones, lawnmowers, go-karts,
chainsaws, and mini bikes .


Advantages:

Any kind of control mechanism is not
required.
It is cheaper than other clutches.
Prevents the internal combustion
engine from stalling when the output shaft is
slowed or stopped abruptly therefore
decreases the engine braking force.

dvantages:

Since it involves friction and slipping
between driver and driven parts there is loss
of power.
As it involves slipping, therefore it is not
desirable in cases where there is heavy load
or in high torque requirements.


Electromagnetic Clutch

The clutch has a conventional type of friction disc.
When battery current is supplied to the magnetic
coil , an electromagnet in the flywheel gets
energized.
Now the armature is pulled by the electromagnet
compressing the push off spring.
The pressure plate assembly moves towards the
flywheel makes the clutch plate contact in between
flywheel and pressure plate.
The electromagnetic clutch is best suited where
remote operation is desired since no linkages are
required to control its engagement



The fluid flywheel or hydraulic coupling is
normally used in automatic transmissions.
It consist of two members the driving and the
driven.
The driving member is attached to engine
flywheel and driven member to transmission
shaft.
The two members do not have any direct contact.
The shell is always filled with fluid of suitable
viscosity.
When the flywheel starts rotating the oil in the
impeller starts moving.
Due to the force of the rotation of the oil
impinges on the blades of turbine and causes it
to move. In this way the moving fluid
transmits the engine power is transmitted to
any components to which is turbine is
attached.
Theoretically the turbine speed becomes
almost equal to that of the pump only under
the best operating condition when the fluid
coupling efficiency is highest. But in actual the
turbine speed is less than that of pump. The
lag of turbine behind the pump is known as
slip.


For engine speed below about 500rpm percentage
of slip is 100 which means the clutch is
disengaged.
As the engine speed increases the percentage of
slip rapidly falls down to 10% beyond which the
slip decreases gradually to a small value of 2 %.
Advantages:
No wear on moving parts & Simple in design.
Car can stop in gear and moved on.
No maintenance required except oil level.
No adjustments to be made.
No skill required for operating.



Asbestos
Resin Silica
Cast Steel
Gear Box
Gear box is an important part of automobiles.
It transmits power from engine shaft to the drive
wheels.
Necessity of Gear Box:
1. In order to enable the engine to run faster than
the road wheels as well as multiply the torque.
2. To overcome the resistances or forces opposing
the motion of vehicles.
3. Air resistance , Gradient resistance and Rolling
resistance i.e. total resistance should be
overcome by tractive force to run the vehicle.



Transmission or Gear Box
Functions:
1) To provide a means to vary the leverage
or torque ratio.
2) To provide a neutral position
3) To provide a means to back the car.
Necessity:
a)Variation of resistance to the vehicle motion at
various speeds.
b)Variation of tractive effort of the vehicle available
at various speeds.
Types of Gear Boxes

Sliding Mesh Gear Box
Constant Mesh Gear Box
Torque Converter
Automatic Transmission System
Epicyclic Gear Box



Sliding Mesh Gear Box
Neutral Position
Constant Mesh Gear Box
Neutral Position
Synchromesh Gear Box
Neutral Position
Working of Gear Box

Animation: Automobile
Engineering\videos\gear box.flv

Video: Automobile Engineering\videos\gear
box operation.flv

Torque Converter

Animation: The Principle Of Torque
converter 3D animation.flv

Automatic Transmission Torque Converter
Operation & Explanation System.Flv
Automatic Transmission
Animation: Automobile
Engineering\videos\6-Speed-Automatic-
Transmission-Lepelletier-Set.avi.flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\ZF 8-Speed
Automatic Transmission.flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\Toyota
U660E U760E 6-Speed Automatic
Transaxle Power flow.flv
Continuously Variable
Transmission
Animation:
Automobile Engineering\videos\AGCO's
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
Explained.flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\Nissan CVT
(Continuously Variable Transmission).flv
Epicyclic Transmission
Animation: Automobile
Engineering\videos\Epicycloidal Gear
Train.flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\Ravigneaux
compound planetary gear set.flv
Propeller Shaft
Propeller Shaft
Automobile Engineering\videos\Propeller
Shaft.flv
Differential and final Drive
Differential and final Drive
Automobile Engineering\videos\differential
motion (unlock).flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\How a
Differential Works and Types of
Differentials.flv

Automobile Engineering\videos\Inventor
Differentialgetriebe.flv
Automobile Engineering\videos\Mercedes
4Matic All Wheel Drive System
Explanation.flv
Automobile Engineering\videos\New BMW
Vision Concept Car Drive-train
animation.flv
Automobile Engineering\videos\How
Clutches Work.flv
THANK YOU