Introduction to Six Sigma

Six Sigma is the term used in statistics to

represent standard deviation.
Six Sigma is a technique to reduce defects
in your system.
Defect:
Any nonconformity is called a defect(
In simple words anything that is not
acceptable to the customer).
WHAT IS SIGMA AND SIX SIGMA
SIGMA LEVEL DEFECT PER
MILLION
2 3,08,537
3 66,807
4 6,210
5 233
6 3.4
Resources
Primary Role
Role
Duration
The actual infrastructure and number of roles will be dependent on the
size and complexity of an Organization &maturity stage of deployment
of Six Sigma.
Six Sigma Champion
Master Black
Belt
Black Belt Green Belt Yellow Belt
24 Months 18 Months 12 Months 6 Months
Culture change
agent
Mentor Project
Identify
opportunity
& Execute
Project
Execute
Project
The Classical View of Quality
99% Good (3.8s)
7 items rejections per month
1 minute every 7 months of
unsafe drinking water
1.7 incorrect surgical operations
per week
1 short or long landing at most
major airports every 5 years
68 wrong drug prescriptions each
year
1 hour without electricity every 34
years
The Six Sigma View of Quality
99.99966% Good (6s)
20,000 items rejections per months
~15 minutes each day of unsafe
drinking water
5,000 incorrect surgical operations
per week
2 short or long landings at most
major airports daily
200,000 wrong drug prescriptions
each year
7 hours without electricity each
month
u-6s u-5s u-4s u-3s u-2s u-1 s s u u+1s u+2ss u+3s u+4s u+5s u+6s
68.26%
95.44%
99.73%
99.993%
99.999943%
99.999998%
Normal distribution Curve
Analyze
Measure
Improve
Control
Define
Define Select the appropriate response variable (the Ys) to be
improved
Measure Data must be gathered to measure the response variable.
Analyze Identify the root cause of defects, identify defectives or
significant measurement deviations, whether in or out of
specifications. (the Xs, independent variables)
Improve Reduce variability or eliminate the cause of defects
Control With the desired improvements in place, monitor the process
to sustain the improvements.
Five Phase
Improvement Cycle
Define Phase
In define phase you clearly define your
objective (what you are trying to achieve).
Define your customer
Identify CTQs (Critical to quality)
Define business case ( May be based on
VOC)
Define team members
Define
Tasks
1. Determine goals,
benefits, project
charter.
2. Obtain Voice of
Customer
3. Create project plan
and communication
plan
Tools
1. SIPOC [Supplier, Input,
Process, output,
Customer]
2. Process flowcharts.
3. Customer surveys,
interviews, focus groups
4. Project management
tools
5. Brain Storming
VOC:

VOC (voice of customer) is very important in selection of the project. VOC can be
collected by meeting with customers directly or by taking their feed back on some
kind of format in written form.
VOC can be collected in different ways:
1. Collect feed back by interview
2. Mystery shopping
3. Focus a group and get their point of view

Brain Storming:

Brain storming is a technique to collect ideas from all team members.

How to Conduct Brain Storming:
To conduct brain storming a selected team should sit down,
Clearly define projector charter so that all team members are in line with the
objective of brain storming.
The role of leader will be to ensure that all the team is following the same track
One of the person will note down all the ideas generated irrespective to the
quality of the suggestions.
One important rule is dont start arguments/ discussion during the brain storming,
just listen to every one and note down what ever idea is generated.