Steam Engine

SYSTEM
• Objective: Describe the basic cycle and
design features of a modern Steam
propulsion system

Specific Objectives:
• Define the theory of steam turbine propulsion
• Sketch and describe a steam propulsion plant
layout arrangement
• Describe functions of major components
• Describe the type and arrangement of steam
turbine engine
• Sketch and identify the steam turbine engine
parts
Major Components
 Boiler

 Turbine

 Condenser

 Extraction
Pump
 Feed Pump

 Economiser

 Superheaters
Steam propulsion plant layout arrangement
Saturated steam
Economizer
Superheated
steam
Heater stages Boiler
Superheater

HP turbine

Deaerator

Astern
turbine LP turbine

Gearing &
propeller shaft

Main feed pump

Condenser

Condensate pump
 Ranking Cycle
 1-2 –> Water heated in boiler
T  2`-2->wet steam heated in
2 superheated boiler
 2-3->HP dry steam expand in
turbine to obtain much work
 3-4->LP steam coming out of
turbine is condensed into
1 2’ water in condenser
 4-1-> water from the
condenser heated return back
to boiler drum- this complete
the cycle
4 3’ 3

s
6 5
 Components
 Boiler
function
 To produce steam from water
 Superheater
 To dry the wet steam produced in the boiler
 Turbine
 Converts heat energy of steam into mechanical work
 Condenser
 To condense exhaust steam from turbine for re-use in
boiler
Components function
 Feed Pump
 To transfer high pressure feed water
 De-aerator & economizer
 To raise the temperature of feed water before
entry into the boiler drum so that less heat will be
required to transform water into steam
 Boilers
 Main propulsion boilers are water tube types
C
 Steam rate of main boilers is 40-60 bar,
5000C and 60-90 tons/hr
 Auxiliary steam boilers are Fire tube boilers
of low steaming capacity
 •Burner front
fired
•Super Htr located
in low temp region •Flame
exhaust gas path impingement
reduced not
•Both Primary and eliminated
Secondary have
contra flow •Response to
heating sudden load is
slow
•Metal temp of
secondary high ESD I Boiler

•Air attemperator
less efficient
 STEAM
TURBINE
ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
 The Steam turbine is a device for obtaining
mechanical work from the energy stored in
steam.
 Steam enters the turbine with high energy
content and leaves after giving up most of it.
 The high pressure steam from the boiler is
expanded in nozzles to create a high velocity jet
of steam.
 In any type of steam engine, it is the VELOCITY
of the liberated steam, and NOT the pressure,
which produces the force which causes rotation
of the shaft.
 The nozzle acts to convert heat energy in the
steam into kinetic energy.
 Commencing with a high pressure, a high
velocity can be produced, and it is the kinetic
energy which provides the motive force of the
turbine engine.
 The amount of energy or force available from
steam is directly proportional to the amount of
heat available from the steam.
 Heat available is proportional to the mass
flow of steam times change in velocity…….
 Mass flow (kg/s) X Velocity (m/s) =
Force (kgm/s2)

 This is the operating principle of all steam

turbines, although the arrangements may
be vary considerably.
 The heat is available only when the steam
remains in gaseous state
 Ifcondensation takes place during passage
through the turbine, then the part which
changes state to water will not be capable of
producing further motive power. So the steam
should therefore enter DRY and theoretically
remain dry until it is exhausted.
 When dry saturated steam passes through the
normal working cycle of a turbine, condensation
will take place throughout many stages, but if
SUPERHEATED steam is used this
condensation is reduced considerably.
Types of Turbines

 Impulse Turbine

 Reaction turbine
 IMPULSE TURBINE
 The impulse arrangement is made up of a ring of
nozzles followed by a ring of blades.
 In the pure impulse turbine the high energy steam
is expanded only through fixed nozzles, with a
decrease in pressure and an increase in velocity.
 Energy in the steam is converted to kinetic energy
when the jet of steam impinges/ directed onto the
moving blades and leaves in a different direction.
 The changing direction and therefore
velocity produces an impulsive force which
mainly acts in the direction of rotation of
the moving turbine blades causing rotation
and mechanical work.
 The passage between the blades is of
parallel section, no expansion or change of
pressure takes place between the inlet and
outlet sides of the blading.
 Impulse Turbine Blades

•Flow area between two blades is constant

•No pressure drop when steam flows over blade
•Flow velocity constant
Two stage impulse
turbine with diaphragm
blades to change
direction of steam flow
to enter next stage of
turbine
 Impulse turbines were classified as
below:

 Single Stage
 Velocity compounded
 Pressure compounded
 Pressure-velocity compounded
 Velocity-pressure compounded