Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
= + +
= + +
= + +
=
s
( )
is the mechanical power input, which is assumed
to be constant throughout the study time period
m
m
J
P
o o e =
26
Generator Mechanical Model, contd
s
s s
s
s
( )
rotor angle
( )
inertia of machine at synchronous speed
Convert to per unit by dividing by MVA rating, ,
( ) 2
m e m
m s
m
m m s
m m
m e m
B
m e s
B B B
P P J
t
d
dt
P P J J
J
S
P P J
S S S
o o e
u e o
u
e u e o
o e o
o e o e o
e
o e o e
=
= + =
= = = +
= =
= =
=
=
2
s
e
27
Generator Mechanical Model, contd
s
2
2
( ) 2
2
( ) 1
(since 2 )
2
Define H per unit inertia constant (sec)
2
All values are now converted to per unit
( ) Define
Then ( )
m e s
B B B s
m e s
s s
B B s
s
B
m e
s s
m e
P P J
S S S
P P J
f
S S f
J
S
H H
P P M
f f
P P
o e o e
e
o e
o e t
t
e
o o
t t
o
=
= =
=
= =
Mo =
28
Generator Swing Equation
This equation is known as the generator swing equation
( )
Adding damping we get
( )
This equation is analogous to a mass suspended by
a spring
m e
m e
P P M
P P M D
o o
o o o
=
= +
kx gM Mx Dx = +
29
Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB)
To understand the transient stability problem well
first consider the case of a single machine
(generator) connected to a power system bus with a
fixed voltage magnitude and angle (known as an
infinite bus) through a transmission line with
impedance jX
L
30
SMIB, contd
'
'
( ) sin
sin
a
e
d L
a
M
d L
E
P
X X
E
M D P
X X
o o
o o o
=
+
+ =
+
31
SMIB Equilibrium Points
'
Equilibrium points are determined by setting the
right-hand side to zero
sin
a
M
d L
E
M D P
X X
o o o + =
+
'
'
th
1
sin 0
Define X
sin
a
M
d L
d L
M th
a
E
P
X X
X X
P X
E
o
o
=
+
= +
| |
=
|
\ .
32
Transient Stability Analysis
For transient stability analysis we need to consider
three systems
1. Prefault - before the fault occurs the system is
assumed to be at an equilibrium point
2. Faulted - the fault changes the system equations,
moving the system away from its equilibrium
point
3. Postfault - after fault is cleared the system
hopefully returns to a new operating point
33
Transient Stability Solution Methods
There are two methods for solving the transient
stability problem
1. Numerical integration
this is by far the most common technique, particularly
for large systems; during the fault and after the fault the
power system differential equations are solved using
numerical methods
2. Direct or energy methods; for a two bus system
this method is known as the equal area criteria
mostly used to provide an intuitive insight into the
transient stability problem
34
SMIB Example
Assume a generator is supplying power to an
infinite bus through two parallel transmission lines.
Then a balanced three phase fault occurs at the
terminal of one of the lines. The fault is cleared by
the opening of this lines circuit breakers.
35
SMIB Example, contd
Simplified prefault system
1
The prefault system has two
equilibrium points; the left one
is stable, the right one unstable
sin
M th
a
P X
E
o
| |
=
|
\ .
36
SMIB Example, Faulted System
During the fault the system changes
The equivalent system during the fault is then
During this fault no
power can be transferred
from the generator to
the system
37
SMIB Example, Post Fault System
After the fault the system again changes
The equivalent system after the fault is then
38
SMIB Example, Dynamics
e
During the disturbance the form of P ( ) changes,
altering the power system dynamics:
1
sin
a th
M
th
E V
P
M X
o
o o
(
=
(