1.

Antennas

Second Semester, 2004

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering,
Yonsei University
Prof. Young Joong Yoon
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 1. Introduction
Etymology of Antenna
Antemna (Latin) ⇒ Antenna ; the pole of the triangular sail
Antennae : a pair of feeler, the sense of touch of an insect
Antennas :
Energy transitional structure between free-space and a
guiding device
Etymology of Aerial
Aereum (Latin) : aer (air) : in the air/ occurs in the air ( 空中
線)

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 1. Introduction

Definition

A usually metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or

receiving radio waves (Webster’s Dictionary)

A means for radiating or receiving radio waves (IEEE Std

145-1983)

The transitional structure between free-space and a

antennas

guiding device
Generator Transmitter Receiver

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 2. History

James Clerk Maxwell (1831~1879, Scotland)

The mathematical model of electromagnetics
(“Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, 1864)
Maxwell equations implicitly required the existence of
electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857~1894, Germany)

In 1886, he assembled a complete radio system with
an end-loaded dipole as the transmitting antenna and
a square-loop antenna as receiver.
He also experimented with a parabolic reflector
antenna.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 2. History
Alexander Popov(1859~1906, 러시아 )
In 1963, the USA navy reported that he was the first
scientist who did a wireless communication experiment for
the first time over the world.
In 1895, he did an experiment about transmitting and
receiving of telegraph between Kronstadt center in Russia
and a cruiser named Africa, a distance of 600 yards.
Russian navy has securely kept his experiment regarded
as one of the top secrets.

Guglielmo Marconi(1874~1937, Italy)

Father of Radio
In 1901, he used his system for transmitting the first wireless signals
across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's,
Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles.
 Receiving antenna: a huge antenna, a length of 200 meters long, sustained with wires
and big kites.
 Transmitting antenna: it consists of 50 wires sustained with poles, a height of 60
meters.
In 1896, he did a transmitting experiment in Bologna, his homeland.
He used the word of “Antenna” for the first time at Royal Academy of Science in
Dec.11,1909 when he received the Nobel Prize.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 2. History

Transmitting antenna of
Marconi
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 2. History

Korean first radio communication (Kwangjeho)

· In 1904, It was produced from the Kawasaki shipyard

in Japan
· It had two vessel radio communication doublet
antennas
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 2. History

Wolmido lighthouse wireless station

· A distant view of Wolmido lighthouse wireless station

(left)
· A complete view of Wolmido lighthouse wireless
station (center)
· In 1910, establishment of the microwave antenna
(right)
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 2. History
Before the World War ( ~ 1940)
In 1934, the advent of commercial wireless telephone system : Strait of Dover (1.8 GHz)
Taking advantage of communication system until UHF band because there was limitation of
Signal Generator technology.
The second World War ( ~1945)
The invention of microwave sources (such as the klystron and magnetron) with frequencies of
1GHz and above.
The invention of various antennas and circuit technologies such as Waveguide Aperture,
Horn, Reflector, Lens antenna, et cetra, and the present antenna theory was established.
Antenna analysis methods development (1960~1980)
IE (Integral Equation) method development based on computer technologies : MM (Moment
Method), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain), FEM (Finite Element Method), etc.
GTD (Geometrical Theory of Diffraction), etc.
Combining method of IE and GTD
Semiconductor technologies development(1980~2000)
It was utilized in various fields such as satellite, mobile and wireless communication
technologies, medical, and exploration.
Connection with MIC technologies

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

3. Types of Antennas

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 3. Types of Antennas
Wire Antennas
Dipole, monopole, loop, helical etc.
The most common antenna
It was utilized in various fields such as
broadcasting, automobiles, mobile
communication, ships, aircraft, etc.

Aperture Antennas
Pyramidal Horn, Conical Horn,
rectangular waveguide etc.
Antenna of this type are very useful
for aircraft and spacecraft
applications.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 3. Types of Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Microstrip antenna became very popular in the
1970s primarily for spaceborne applications.
Rectangular patch, Circular patch, etc.
The microstrip antennas are low-profile, simple
and inexpensive to fabricate using modern
printed-circuit technology.
Compatible with MMIC designs

Array Antennas
A configuration of multiple radiating elements is
referred to as an array antenna.
Yagi-Uda array, aperture array, microstrip patch
array, slotted-waveguide array, etc.
It was utilized in various fields such as satellite
communication, mobile communication, etc.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 3. Types of Antennas
Reflector Antenna
Parabolic, Cassegrain, Corner Reflector, etc.
High directivity and high gain
Radio telescope, satellite communication,
Radar, etc.

Lens Antenna
Lens antennas are classified according to the
material or their geometrical shape.
Convex, Concave, etc.
They can be used in most of the same
applications as are the parabolic reflectors.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 4. Radiation Mechanism

∂B ∂D
∇× E = − ∇× H = J +
∂t ∂t

The core of antenna operation

1. Generation of Time-varying current The origin of

electromagnetic
density J wave
2. Generation of Time-varying Forming
electromagnetic
magnetic field H wave that
propagates in free
3. Generation of Time-varying electric space.
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 4. Radiation Mechanism
Single wire
To create radiation, there must be a time-varying current or an acceleration (or
deceleration) of charge.

I Z = ql v Z

dI z dv
= q l Z = qa z
dt dt
dI z dv Z
l = lq l = lqa z
dt dt

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

4. Radiation Mechanism

Two wires
Electric Field Line
Positive Charge->Negative Charge

Magnetic Field Line

Closed Loop

When Electric Field Line leaves the transmission

line, it is connected like those dotted lines.
P propagates at the speed of light : P propagates a
half wavelength during the half period.

The motion of electric charge makes

electromagnetic field, similar to wave of a pond,
and the electromagnetic field, leaving an
antenna, spreads continually after the electric
charge disappears.

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 4. Radiation Mechanism

Dipole

t =0 3
t= T
8
1
t= T
8
1
1 t= T
t= T 2
4
Propagation of an Electric Field Line
and
its Detachment (Radiation) from the
Dipole Microwave and Antenna Lab.
4. Radiation Mechanism

1
t =0 t= T
8
E field Lines of a Half-Wave
Dipole
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
4. Radiation Mechanism

1 3
t= T t= T
4 8
E field Lines of a Half-Wave
Dipole
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 Infinite line source in free space
FD-TD
Finite-Difference Time-
Domain (FDTD) is a
popular electromagnetic
modeling techniques. The
FDTD method belongs in
the general class of
differential time domain
numerical modeling
methods.

Six-layer PML ABC

cell size: 3 mm
FD-TD cell: 50 x 50
6 cells for PML
0.4ns Gaussian Pulse
Time step: 5 ps −3
Movie:∆x 3 ×10
∆t = 185 = ps = 5ns
2c 2 × 3 ×10 8

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 Infinite line source in PEC wall

PEC Wall
cell size: 3 mm
FD-TD cell: 50 x 50
0.4ns Gaussian
Pulse
Time step: 5 ps
Movie: 185 ps

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

 E-plane Horn in free space

8 layer PML ABC

9.84 Ghz CW
Space: 25.4 x 25.4 cm
cell size: 2.54 mm
FD-TD cell: 100 x 100
Time step: 4.23 ps
Movie: 296 ps

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

5. Current distribution on a thin
wire antenna
(a) Two wire transmission
line

(b) Flared transmission line

(c) Linear dipole

Microwave and Antenna Lab.

5. Current distribution on a thin
wire antenna

Current distribution on linear

dipoles
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
5. Current distribution on a thin
wire antenna

Current distribution on a λ/2 wire antenna for

different times
Microwave and Antenna Lab.
 6. Research area

Improvement of the present antenna including all of satellite, mobile

and wireless communication, Radar, broadcasting system, medical

applications, and using radio system.

UWB(Ultra Wide Band), RFID, DMB, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and

endoscope

Multi-Band antenna

Cellular, IMT-2000, WLAN, GPS, etc.

RF Integrated antenna

MMIC phased array antenna

Smart Antenna : maximization of SINR

Microwave and Antenna Lab.