Consumer Behaviour

Consumer
behavior
Copyright © 2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-1
Customer vs. Consumer Behavior
 Customer behavior: a broad term that

covers both individual consumers who buy
goods and services for their own use and
organizational buyers who purchase
business products
 Consumer behavior: the process through

which the ultimate buyer makes purchase
decisions
Interpersonal Determinants of
Consumer Behavior
 Why People Buy New Products
 Cultural Influences
Culture: values, beliefs, preferences, and
tastes handed down from one generation to
the next
It is important to recognize the concept of
ethnocentrism, or the tendency to view
your own culture as the norm, as it relates
to consumer behavior.
 Core Values in the Culture
While some cultural values change over
time, basic core values do not
Examples of core values include:
 Importance of family and home life
 Education
 Youthfulness
 Individualism
 International Perspective on Cultural Influences
Cultural differences are particularly important for
international marketers
Successful strategies in one country often cannot
extend to other international markets because of
cultural variations
 Subcultures: subgroup of culture with its
own, distinct modes of behavior
Cultures are not homogeneous entities with
universal values.
Subcultures can differ by:
 Ethnicity or Nationality
 Age or Gender
 Religion
 Social class or Profession
Ethnic and Racial Minorities as a
Percentage of the Total Population
83% Hindu
12% Muslims
5% Christians, Sikhs, Jains,

Buddhists, Parsis
 Social Influences
Group membership influences an individual’s
purchase decisions and behavior in both
overt and subtle ways.
Norms: are the values, attitudes, and
behaviors that a group deems appropriate
for its members
Status: is the relative position of any
individual member in a group
Roles define behavior that members of a
group expect of individuals who hold
specific positions within the group
 The Asch Phenomenon: the effect of a
reference group on individual decision-making
 Reference groups: groups whose value

structures and standards influence a person’s
behavior
Requires two conditions:
 The purchased product must be one that
others can see and identify
 The purchased item must be
conspicuous; it must stand out as
something unusual, a brand or product
that not everyone owns
 Social classes: groups whose rankings are
determined by occupation, income,
education, family background, and residence
location
W. Lloyd Warner identified
six classes:
1. Upper-upper
2. Lower-upper
3. Upper-middle
4. Lower-middle
5. Working class
6. Lower class
 Opinion leaders:
trendsetters who
purchase new
products before
others in a group
and then
influence others
in their purchases
 Figure :
Alternative
Channels for
Communications
Flow
 Family Influences
Autonomic role is when the partners
independently make equal numbers of
decisions.
Husband-dominant role is when the
husband makes most of the decisions.
Wife-dominant role is when the wife makes
most of the decisions.
Syncratic role is when both partners jointly
make most decisions.
 Children and Teenagers in Family
Purchases
Growing numbers are assuming
responsibility for family shopping
They also influence what parents buy
They represent sizeable consumers in
their own right
Personal Determinants of
Consumer Behavior
 Needs and Motives
Need: an imbalance between a consumer’s
actual and desired states
Motives: inner states that direct a person
toward the goal of satisfying a felt need
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Physiological Needs
Products Vitamins, herbal supplements, medicines, food, exercise equipment,
fitness clubs
Marketing Pepcid antacid—”Just one and hearburn’s done”

themes Puffs facial tissues—”A nose in need deserves Puffs indeed”
Jiyo Jee Bhar Ke
Safety Needs
Products Cars and car accessories, burglar alarm systems, retirement
investments, insurance, medicines
Marketing Jeetay Raho

themes Volvo—“Protect the body. Ignite the soul.”
Yogakshema Vahamyahum
Belongingness
Products Beauty aids, entertainment, clothing, cars
Marketing Old Spice —”The Mark of a Man”
themes TJ Maxx clothing store—”You should go”
Esteem Needs
Product Clothing, cars, jewelry, hobbies, beauty spa services
Marketing ? Automobiles— Count on us”
themes Van Cleef & Arpels—“The pleasure of perfection.”
? - Be More
kitchen appliances—“The sign of a great cook.”
Self-Actualization
Products Education, cultural events, sports, hobbies, luxury goods, technology,
travel
Marketing Nike – Just Do it
themes IES
Dodge cars and trucks—”Grab life by the horns”
 Perceptions: the meaning that a person
attributes to incoming stimuli gathered
through the five senses – sight, hearing,
touch, taste, and smell.
 Perceptual screens: the filtering
processes through which all inputs must
pass
 Subliminal Perception: subconscious receipt
of information
Almost 50 years ago, a movie theater tried to
boost concession sales by flashing the words
Eat Popcorn and Drink Coca-Cola.
Subliminal advertising is aimed at the
subconscious level of awareness.
Subliminal advertising has been universally
condemned as manipulative, and is
exceedingly unlikely that it can induce
purchasing.
Research has shown that subliminal
messages cannot force receivers to purchase
goods that they would not consciously want.
 Attitudes
A person’s enduring favorable or
unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings,
or action tendencies toward some object or
idea
Attitude components:
 Cognitive
 Affective
 Behavioral
 Changing Consumer Attitudes
Attempt to produce consumer attitudes that
will motivate the purchase of a particular
product
Evaluate existing consumer attitudes and
then make the product characteristics appeal
to them
 Modifying the Components of Attitude

Attitudes change in response to
inconsistencies among the three components
Marketers can work to modify attitudes by
providing evidence of product benefits and
by correcting misconceptions
 Learning
An immediate or expected change in
behavior as a result of experience.
The learning process includes the
component of:
 Drive
 Cue
 Response
 Reinforcement
 Applying Learning Theory to Marketing
Decisions
Shaping: process of applying a series of
rewards and reinforcements to permit
more complex behavior to evolve over
time
 Self-Concept
A person’s multifaceted picture of himself or
herself, composed of the:
 Real self
 Self-image
 Looking-glass self
 Ideal self
The Consumer Decision Process
Problem  Consumers complete a step-by-step
Opportunity process when making purchase
Recognition decisions
 High-involvement purchase
decisions are those with high levels
Search of potential social or economic
consequences
 Low-involvement decisions are
Alternative routine purchases that pose little
Evaluation risk to the consumer
Post-
Purchase Purchase
purchase
Decision Act
Evaluation
Integrated Model
of the Consumer
Decision Process
 Problem or Opportunity Recognition
Consumer becomes aware of a
significant discrepancy between the
existing situation and the desired
situation
Motivates the individual to achieve the
desired state of affairs
 Search
Consumer gathers information related to
their attainment of the desired state of affairs
Identifies alternative means of problem
solution
May cover internal or external sources of
information
Brands that a consumer actually considers
buying before making a purchase decision
are known as the evoked set
Evoked Set All
All
Model Brands
Brands
Known
Known Unknown
Unknown
Brands
Brands Brands
Brands
Evoked
Evoked
Acceptable
Acceptable Unacceptable
Unacceptable Overlooked
Overlooked
Set
Set Brands Brands Brands
Brands Brands Brands
Purchased
Purchased Rejected
Rejected Inert
Inert
Brand
Brand Brands
Brands Set
Set
 Evaluation of Alternatives
Consumer evaluates the evoked set
Difficult to completely separate the second
and third steps, since some evaluation
takes place as the search progresses
Outcome of the evaluation stage is the
choice of a brand or product (or possibly a
decision to renew the search)
Evaluative criteria: features that a
consumer considers in choosing among
alternatives
 Purchase Decision and Purchase Act
Consumer narrows the alternatives
down to one
The purchase location is decided
 Postpurchase Evaluation
After the purchase, consumers are either
satisfied or experience post-purchase
anxiety
Cognitive dissonance: Post-purchase
anxiety that results from an imbalance
among an individual’s knowledge, beliefs,
and attitudes after an action or decision is
taken
 Classifying Consumer Problem-Solving
Processes
Three categories of problem-solving
behavior
 Routinized Response Behavior
 Limited Problem Solving
 Extended Problem Solving

Consumer Behaviour

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Consumer Behaviour

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Consumer

 Customer behavior: a broad term that

 Consumer behavior: the process through

 Why People Buy New Products

5% Christians, Sikhs, Jains,

 Reference groups: groups whose value

Marketing Pepcid antacid—”Just one and hearburn’s done”

Marketing Jeetay Raho

 Modifying the Components of Attitude

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