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Anatomy and Physiology II
Chapter 15
Susan Gossett
sgossett@parisjc.edu
Department of Biology
2
Chapter
15
Cardiovascular System
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15.1: Introduction
The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body each
day
The heart contracts 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime
The heart and all blood vessels make up the cardiovascular
system
The blood vessels make up two circuits:
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
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O2
Oxygenated blood
Oxygenated
blood pumped to
all body tissues
via aorta
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
blood pumped
to lungs via
pulmonary arteries
CO2
CO2
CO2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
O2
Alveolus
O2
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
5 cm
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Base of heart
Sternum
Heart
Apex of heart
Diaphragm
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Auricle of left atrium
Fibrous pericardium
Cut edge of
parietal pericardium
Diaphragm
Auricle of right
atrium
Heart (covered by
visceral pericardium)
Left ventricle
Right
ventricle
Anterior interventricular
sulcus
9
Pericardial cavity
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Pericardial
cavity
Parietal
pericardium
Fibrous
pericardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Coronary
blood vessel
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)
10
11
13
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Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Right atrium
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Interventricular
septum
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Aortic valve
Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Opening of coronary
sinus
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Mitral (bicuspid)
valve
Chordae tendineae
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Interventricular
septum
14
(c)
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Right
atrium
Cusps of
tricuspid
valve
Chordae
tendineae
Interventricular
septum
Papillary
muscles
Muscular
ridges
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./University of Michigan Biomedical Communications
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
15
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./University of Michigan Biomedical Communications
Pulmonary valve
Aortic
valve
Opening of
left coronary
artery
Tricuspid
valve
Mitral valve
Fibrous skeleton
Posterior
16
Systemic
capillaries
Tissue cells
CO2
Superior
vena cava
O2
Pulmonary
artery
Alveolus
CO2
CO2
Alveolar
capillaries
O2
O2
Alveolar
capillaries
Alveolus
Pulmonary
veins
Right atrium
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
CO2
Systemic
capillaries
O2
Tissue cells
17
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Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
18
Blood to systemic circuit
Aorta
Posterior
interventricular
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
ventricular
walls
Marginal
artery
Circumflex
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
walls of right
atrium and right
ventricle
Myocardial
capillaries in
walls of left
atrium and left
ventricle
Anterior
interventricular
artery
Myocardial
capillaries in
ventricular
walls
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
19
Right atrium
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Aorta
Part of
aorta
removed
Aortic
valve
cusps
Right coronary
artery
Opening of
left coronary
artery
20
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Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Right auricle
Right coronary
artery
Anterior cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Left ventricle
(a)
Right pulmonary
artery
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Cardiac vein
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Left ventricle
(b)
Posterior interventricular
artery
Right ventricle
21
Pulmonary
valve closed
Aortic
valve closed
Pulmonary
valve open
RA
Aortic
valve open
LA
Atrial systole
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves open
(a)
LV
RV
Ventricular
diastole
Atrial diastole
Tricuspid
and mitral
valves closed
Ventricular
systole
(b)
22
Cardiac Cycle
During a cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers rise and falls
In atrial systole and ventricular diastole:
Blood flows passively into the ventricles
The remaining 30% of blood is pushed into the ventricles
The A-V valves open and the semilunar valves close
The ventricles relax
This causes an increase in ventricular pressure
In ventricular systole and atrial diastole:
The A-V valves close
The chordae tendinae prevent the cusps of the valves from bulging
too far into the atria
The atria relax
The blood flows into atria
The ventricular pressure increases and opens the semilunar valves
The blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta
23
Heart Sounds
A heart beat through a stethoscope sounds like lubb-dupp
The lubb
The first heart sound
It occurs during ventricular systole
The A-V valves are closing
The dupp
The second heart sound
It occurs during ventricular diastole
The pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves are closing
A murmur abnormal heart sound from the cusps not
completely closing
24
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Aortic area
Pulmonary area
Tricuspid
area
Mitral area
25
26
SA node
Atrial syncytium
Junctional fibers
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
27
Ventricular syncytium
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Interatrial septum
Left
bundle
branch
SA node
AV node
Junctional
fibers
AV bundle
Right bundle
branch
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
Purkinje fibers
Interventricular
septum
Myocardial
muscle fibers
(a)
(b)
28
29
Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram or ECG is a recording of electrical
changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac
cycle
It is used to assess the hearts ability to conduct impulses
The deflections in the normal ECG, or waves, include:
P wave atrial depolarization
QRS complex (three waves) ventricular depolarization
T wave ventricular repolarization
30
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(a)
.5
.5
Millivolts
1.0
Millivolts
1.0
.5
.5
0
(b)
0
(f)
R
.5
.5
Millivolts
1.0
Millivolts
1.0
.5
0
(g)
Millivolts
Millivolts
.5
P
.5
Millivolts
.5
T
0
0
(h)
.5
QRS complex
0
.5
(e)
.5
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
(d)
.5
(c)
Q
S
0 200 400 600
Milliseconds
31
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Atrial
Atrial
Atrial
systole
diastole
systole
Ventricular Ventricular
Ventricular
diastole
systole
diastole
Pressure changes
0
0.3
0.6
120
Aortic
semilunar
valve
opens
100
Atrial
diastole
Ventricular Ventricular
systole
diastole
0.9 seconds
Aortic semilunar
valve closes
80
Aortic pressure
60
Ventricular pressure
40
AV valve
closes
20
AV valve opens
Atrial pressure
Volume (mL)
Ventricular volume
160
120
Ventricular volume
80
Millivolts
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
+1
Q
1
T
Q
S
One cardiac cycle
Heart sounds
Lubb: AV
valves close
Dupp: Semilunar
valves close
32
33
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Receptor
Sensory or
afferent neuron
Central
Nervous
System
Motor or
efferent neuron
Effector
(muscle or gland)
(a)
Carotid
sinus
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Sensory
fibers
Carotid
baroreceptors
Common
carotid
artery
Hypothalamus
Aorta
Medulla
(transverse
section)
Cardiac
center
Aortic
baroreceptors
Parasympathetic
vagus nerve
SA node
AV node
Spinal cord
(transverse sections)
(b)
Sympathetic
nerve
Sympathetic trunk
34
35
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Artery
Vein
Lumen
Valve
Endothelium of
tunica interna
Connective tissue
(elastic and collagenous fibers)
Tunica media
Tunica externa
(a)
(b)
Endothelium
of tunica
interna
Lumen
Middle layer
(tunica
media)
Outer layer
(tunica
externa)
37
(c)
38
39
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Arteriole
Smooth
muscle cell
Endothelium
Precapillary
sphincter
Capillary
40
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest diameter blood vessels
They connect the smallest arteriole and the smallest venule
They are extensions of the inner lining of arterioles
The walls are endothelium only
They are semi-permeable
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Precapillary
sphincter
Arteriole
Capillaries
Venule
Artery
Blood flow
Vein
Blood flow
41
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Tissue fluid
Nucleus of
endothelial
cell
Endothelial cell
Endothelial
cell cytoplasm
Lumen of
capillary
Slit
Cell junction
(b)
Tissue fluid
Capillary
(a)
(c)
b,c, : Don. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
42
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Don. W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
43
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lymphatic
capillary
Blood
flow
from
arteriole
Outward force,
including
hydrostatic
pressure
35 mm Hg
Net outward
pressure
11 mm Hg
Inward force
of osmotic
pressure
24 mm Hg
Capillary
Tissue
cells
Outward force,
including
Net inward
hydrostatic
pressure
pressure
8 mm Hg
Inward force of
16 mm Hg
osmotic pressure
24 mm Hg
Blood
flow to
venule
= 16 mm Hg
= 24 mm Hg
= 8 mm Hg
44
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
100
90
Percent distribution
80
Toward
heart
70
60
50
Large
veins
40
30
20
10
Small
veins
and
venules
(a)
(b)
Systemic
veins
6070%
Lungs
1012%
Heart
811%
Systemic Capillaries
arteries
45%
1012%
46
47
48
49
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Temporal a.
Carotid a.
Facial a.
Brachial a.
Radial a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Dorsalis pedis a.
Posterior tibial a.
50
51
Blood volume
increases
Heart rate
increases
Stroke volume
increases
Blood viscosity
increases
Peripheral resistance
increases
52
53
54
55
Decreased blood pressure
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Stimulation of baroreceptors in
aortic arch and carotid sinuses
SA node inhibited
Vasodilation of arterioles
Heart rate decreases
56
Contracted
skeletal muscle
Vein
Valve closed
57
58
59
60
61
Pulmonary Circuit
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Superior
vena cava Aorta
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary trunk
Right lung
Left lung
62
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Lymph flow
Blood flow
Blood flow
Lymphatic capillary
Alveolar capillary
Alveolar air
4
Capillary wall
Alveolar wall
Interstitial space
3
63
Systemic Circuit
Composed of vessels that lead from the heart to all body
parts (except the lungs) and back to the heart
Includes the aorta and its branches
Includes the system of veins that return blood to the right
atrium
64
Superficial temporal a.
External carotid a.
Internal carotid a.
Vertebral a.
Common carotid a.
Brachiocephalic a.
Axillary a.
Intercostal a.
Suprarenal a.
Brachial a.
Renal a.
Radial a.
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Ulnar a.
Deep femoral a.
Subclavian a.
Aorta
Coronary a.
Celiac a.
Superior mesenteric a.
Lumbar a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Gonadal a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Posterior tibial a.
65
Dorsalis pedis a.
66
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Right subclavian a.
Left subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic a.
Brachiocephalic vv.
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Left pulmonary a.
Right pulmonary a.
Right pulmonary vv.
Left auricle
Right auricle
Pulmonary trunk
67
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Abdominal aorta
Phrenic aa.
Splenic a.
Left gastric a.
Celiac a.
Hepatic a.
Right gastric a.
Suprarenal a.
Renal a.
Gonadal a.
Lumbar aa.
Superior
mesenteric a.
Inferior
mesenteric a.
Abdominal
aorta
Splenic a.
Celiac a.
Hepatic a.
Renal aa.
Common
iliac aa.
(b)
68
Anterior
cerebral a.
Anterior
cerebral a.
Middle
cerebral a.
Posterior
communicating a.
Anterior
communicating a.
Internal
carotid a.
Pituitary
gland
Middle
cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Posterior
cerebral a.
Basilar a.
Vertebral a.
Spinal a.
Spinal cord
69
Superficial
temporal a.
Posterior
auricular a.
Basilar a.
Occipital a.
Internal
carotid a.
Anterior choroid a.
Maxillary a.
Facial a.
Lingual a.
External
carotid a.
Superior thyroid a.
Common carotid a.
Carotid sinus
Brachiocephalic a.
Vertebral a.
Thyrocervical
axis
Subclavian a.
70
Ulnar recurrent a.
Ulnar a.
Principal
artery of
thumb
71
Vertebral body
Posterior intercostal a.
Internal intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Internal thoracic a.
External intercostal m.
Sternum
Anterior intercostal aa.
Costal cartilage
72
Aorta
Inferior mesenteric a.
Inferior epigastric a.
Right common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Iliolumbar a.
Superior gluteal a.
Deep
circumflex iliac a.
Lateral sacral a.
Femoral a.
Obturator a.
Superior vesical a.
Inferior gluteal a.
Internal pudendal a.
Inferior vesical a.
Perineal a.
Inferior rectal a.
73
Abdominal
aorta
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Superficial circumflex iliac a.
Deep femoral a.
Superficial
pudendal a.
Femoral a.
Lateral femoral a.
Deep genicular a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Posterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Dorsalis pedis a.
Medial plantar a.
Anterior view
Posterior view
Lateral plantar a.
74
Superficial temporal v.
Anterior facial v.
External jugular v.
Internal jugular v.
Right brachiocephalic v.
Axillary v.
Cephalic v.
Brachial vv.
Basilic v.
Median cubital v.
Renal v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Common iliac v.
External iliac v.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Azygos v.
Hepatic v.
Inferior vena cava
Ascending lumbar v.
Gonadal v.
Internal iliac v.
Femoral v.
Great saphenous v.
Popliteal v.
75
Characteristics of
Venous Pathways
Vessels of the venous system originate with the merging of
capillaries into venules, venules into small veins, and small
veins into larger ones
Unlike arterial pathways, those of the venous system are
difficult to follow due to irregular networks and unnamed
tributaries
76
Venous
sinuses
Superior
ophthalmic v.
Vertebral v.
Right external
jugular v.
Right
Subclavian v.
Anterior
facial v.
Right internal
jugular v.
Right axillary v.
Right brachiocephalic v.
77
Left brachiocephalic v.
Right brachiocephalic v.
Axillary v.
Basilic v.
Median cubital v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Dorsal arch v.
78
External jugular v.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Axillary v.
Brachial v.
Internal jugular v.
Brachiocephalic vv.
Cephalic v.
Superior hemiazygos v.
Posterior intercostal v.
Basilic v.
Azygos v.
Inferior hemiazygos v.
79
Liver
Stomach
Left gastric v.
Hepatic
portal v.
Gallbladder
Right gastric v.
Spleen
Pancreas
Splenic v.
Superior
mesenteric v.
Portion of
small intestine
Inferior
mesenteric v.
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum
80
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Lungs
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
Superior
vena cava
Aorta
Hepatic artery
Inferior
vena cava
Splenic artery
Hepatic vein
Liver
Common
iliac vein
Hepatic
portal vein
Renal capillaries
Mesenteric artery
(to intestine)
Renal efferent
arterioles
Renal afferent
arterioles
Trunk capillaries
Common
iliac artery
81
Lower limb capillaries
Inferior
vena cava
Right common
iliac v.
Internal
iliac v
External iliac v.
Femoral v.
Great saphenous v.
Popliteal v.
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Quiz 15
Complete Quiz 15 now!
Read Chapter 16.
89