Heat and heat transfer

Phases of Matter
There are currently 4 Phases of matter. They are:
Solids

Liquids
Gasses
AND

PLASMA

Solids

Rigid, Crystalline

Tend to be the most dense

-Holds its shape

-Little move of molecules (except vibrations)
-Rock, Ice, steel

Density
-Mass per unit volume
Elasticity
-How much a solid can give, or bend.
-Steel is very elastic (it can return to its original
shape after some distortion.)

Liquids
Liquids are a type of FLUID. They take the shape
of the container they are in.

Liquids
More movement of molecules (can go from A to B). More energy
than in solids
VISCOSITY depends on how thick a liquid is, or how
easily if flows.

Buoyancy:

-Less dense materials float on higher density

materials

Gasses
Tend to be the least dense of the phases

Gasses are also a type of fluid. They take the shape of the
container they are in.

Gasses

Most movement of Molecules. Moves very fast. Lots of energy.

The atmosphere is a good example of gas.

-Mixture of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, other trace

gasses
-Atmospheric Pressure is the result of the column of gas that
sits on top of you its heavy
-The higher up you go, the less air
there is on top of you so

-The higher you are, the less

pressure

Gasses
Buoyancy and Gasses:

Hotter gasses will be less dense than cooler gasses of the

same composition. So they float.

What are the three main states of matter?

Describe each one and give an example of each.

Temperature (T)
-Measures how hot something is
-Measurement of average (translational (point A to
point B)) kinetic energy
-NOT total kinetic energy (2 different size volumes of
water)
o
o
o

degrees Celsius or degrees Centigrade or C

Fahrenheit scale
Absolute Freezing
Kelvin Scale

Boiling of
zero
of water water
-273 C
0 C
100 C
-460 F 32 F
212 F
0 K
273 K 373 K

Heat (Q)
-Objects DO NOT have heat

- Heat is a transfer of thermal energy

- Heat is NOT temperature! They are not interchangeable!
- Heat is like work
-Work is the transfer/changing of mechanical energy

-Heat flows from hot objects to cold objects

- Just like how water flows, it goes from high to low

Thermal Equilibrium
When two objects touch (thermal contact), they will exchange
heat from the hot object to the cold object until they reach
thermal equilibrium.
- Until they are the same temperature

A thermometer
reaches thermal
equilibrium with the
material it is in.

Measuring Heat
We measure temperature with degrees, but we know now that
heat is different. Its energy. How can we know how much
energy is transferred (what do we measure it in)?
-Joules
One you might be more familiar is:

- calories cal (little c)

- Calorie = 1000 calories = kilocalorie (big C)
- 1 calorie = 4.184 J

- the amount of energy in food is found by burning the

food and seeing how much energy it gives off

If 20 grams of 40 degree Celsius water is poured into 20

grams of 20 degree Celsius water, what will be the
temperature of the new liquid once it reaches equilibrium?

What is the difference between temperature and heat?

Thermal Expansion
Materials expand when heated and shrink when cooled

- there are a few exceptions: Water

Specific Heat Capacity (c)

-How a material holds on to heat
Unit: Energy/mass * temperature difference
J/kg C or cal/g C or BTU/ lb F

Q = m c T
Heat = mass x specific heat x change in temperature

c of water is 1 cal/g C this is high

c of metals is lower easier to change temperature

Calculate the number of calories of heat needed to change

500 grams of water by 50 degrees Celsius?

Transfer of heat
When heat is transferred, it is pulled from hotter objects into
colder objects. NEVER THE OTHER WAY AROUND!

-Conduction

-Convection
-Radiation

Insulators Vs. Conductors

Which of the following are good conductors:
Aluminium
Glass
Copper
Iron

Polythene
Cardboard
Nickel
Paper

Chocolate
Steel.

Good
Aluminium
Copper
Iron
Nickel
Steel

Bad

Glass
Polythene
Cardboard
Paper
Chocolate

 Insulator is the special posh sciencey

name for a poor conductor.
For the following objects, state whether
you would want them to be made out of a
good conductor, or a good insulator:

The bottom of a saucepan

The handle of a saucepan
A duvet/quilt
An ice cream tub

 Good conductors

Good Insulators

Bottom of a saucepan

Saucepan handle

Duvet/quilt
Ice cream tub

Conduction

Conduction
Stir your hot soup with a metal spoon
Pretty soon you need a pot holder because the end
of the spoon you are holding gets hot
This is heat transfer by conduction
Energy travels up the spoon from the end in the hot
soup to the end in your hand

In heat, energy transfer from particle to particle

within certain materials, or from one material to
another when the two are in direct contact.

Conduction
Metals have some electrons that are very
loosely bound to the atoms in the material
These electrons can move easily and can
rapidly pick up additional kinetic energy
Metals are good conductors
Wood and plastic dont have loosely
bound electrons, so they are poor
conductors

So

When you eat a popsicle, why does the stick feel warmer
than the popsicle part if they were both in the freezer
together?

Convection
Hot air rises because
It is less dense than cold air
Why?
When something is heated the particles
move around more and spread out.
Why does cold gas and liquid fall?
When it cools the particles move around less,
move closer together, and therefore become
more dense.

Convection
A phenomenon in fluids
Heat (energy) is transported by the
actual migrating motion of molecules.
(think of how water is actually moving in
a river the particles actually get from
point A to point B)

Convection
When the radiator heats the air, it becomes
less dense and rises
Cool air moves in to replace the air that
rose
This generates the air flow
So radiators dont need a fan to stir the air
and to distribute heat throughout a room
The rising air cools until its density matches
that of the surrounding air

Convection
We take advantage of the cooling that
occurs during an expansion
We make refrigerators and air
conditioners operate by forcing gas
under pressure through a small hole
and expanding it into an empty space

Convection
Explains why breezes come from the
ocean in the day and from the land at
night

Radiation

Radiation
Energy (HEAT) carried by
electromagnetic waves
Light, microwaves, radio waves, x-rays
etc.
Wavelength is related to vibration
frequency

Radiation
Every object is emitting electromagnetic
waves regardless of temperature
Things we can see from their own
radiation are very hot to have energy
emitted in the visible region of the
spectrum (like a glowing bulb filament)
Most things emit primarily in the infrared

Radiation
Interior of a car on a sunny day
Sunlight comes in as visible light
Seats and interior are much cooler so
they radiate in the infrared instead of
visible
Glass in the windows blocks infrared so
energy cant get out
Car interior heats up!

Radiation
A good absorber reflects very little
energy
Think about dark pavement
A poor absorber reflects a lot of energy
Think about snow that doesnt melt in
sunshine even though 1400
watts/meter2 are hitting it

The diagram below represents a saucepan on a hot plate.

The saucepan is partially filled with water and the hot plate is
turned on. After some time, the air at point X above the pan
becomes hot.
a. Explain how heat is transferred from the hot plate to the base
of the saucepan.
b. Explain how heat is transferred from the base of the saucepan
to all of the water in the saucepan.
c. Explain how heat is transferred from the hot water to the air at
point X.

The diagram below represents a home heating system.

a. Give an example of where heat convection occurs in this system.

b. Give an example of where heat radiation occurs in this system.
c. What purpose do the ceiling fans serve in helping to heat the home?
d. Explain why pipes carrying hot water run along the floors of the rooms
instead of the ceilings.

Change of Phase

However, when a substance changes phase (like when water

boils or freezes), heat is need to change the properties of the
substance.

Change of Phase
Energy is either absorbed or released by a material when
changing phase.

80 cal/g

540 cal/g

Change of Phase
Evaporation
from liquid to gas at a surface
requires energy (heat) to vaporize a liquid
Absorbs heat
Condensation
from gas to liquid
gives off heat
fog and clouds are condensed water vapor

Boiling is a special case of evaporation

takes place below the surface
100 C for water at atmospheric pressure

temperature of solid
and liquid are the same
540 cal/g to evaporated water
Called Heat of vaporization

Change of Phase
Freezing
from liquid to solid
losses energy (heat) to freeze a liquid
Melting
From solid to liquid
Requires heat to melt a solid
Absorbs heat

temperature remains constant

80 cal/g of heat lost to freeze water
Called Heat of fusion

Change of Phase
Sublimation
from solid to gas
snow can turn to gas directly in winter
Think of dry ice

Deposition
from gas to solid
Water vapor can turn into snow flakes
through deposition

Q = mcT
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 g of
water from 23 C to 39 C?