CHAPTER 1 :

Fundamental Operation of
Arithmetic
1.1 Fraction
1.2 Ratio and Proportion
1.3 Percentage

WHAT IS
FRACTION?

1.1 FRACTION

Two numbers separated by a horizontal or

sloping line.
Numerator, N
2
E.g. Two seventh = 2/7 =

Types of fraction

Denominator, D

Types

Definition

Proper fraction

Numerator < denominator

Improper fraction

Numerator = or >
denominator

Mixed fractions

Whole number + common

fraction

Equivalent fractions

Two fractions that have

equals values

Examples

1.1 FRACTION

IMPROPER
Divide N by D as far as possible
and express remainder as a proper fraction

Conversion
improper to
mixed

MIXED
Multiply the whole number by D,
add N. Place the total over N.

1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
1. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
Same Denominators
Just add / minus the numerator
Different Denominators
Find a common denominator, then add / minus and
simplified the answer to the lowest term.
1 3 6
Example: Evaluate the followings; a)
5 5 5
3 1
b)
7 5
2 2
c)
5 3
3
2
d) 2 5
4
5

PRACTICE 1
1. Add together :
2 1
a)
3 5
5 1
b)
8 9
3 2 1
c)
8 5 3
2
3
d) 3 4
3
5
1
1
1
e) 5 4 3
2
3
5

2. Subtract the following:

2 1
a)
3 4
3 2
b)
4 5
7
1
c) 5
3
16
3
1
3
d) 5 2
3
4
1
3
e) 7 3
2
5

1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
2. MULTIPLICATION

3. DIVISION

Product of the numerators Invert the divisor and

divide by the product of the change the division sign to
denominators.
multiplication.

p r pr

q s qs

Can be simplified if possible

before multiplying.
Mixed fractions have to be
converted into improper
fractions before multiply.

p r p s ps

q s q r qr

PRACTICE 2
Calculate each of the following:
5 4
1)
8 7
5
2
2)
6 3
1 3
3)
4 5
3 5
4) 1
4 8
7
3
5)
8
4

1 3

8 4
1 1 2
7) 1
4 8 5
6)1

2
2
7
8) 1 2 3
5
5
8
2 2 1 1
9)
5 3 4 2
1
4
2
10) 2 1 5
5
5
3

1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
4. POWERS

5. SQUARE ROOTS

Raise both the numerator &

the denominator to that
power. a n a n

n
b
b

Invert the divisor and

change the division sign
to multiplication.
a
a

b
b

Example; 2 23 8

3

Example; 16 16 4

125

81

81

1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
6. PRACTICAL APPLICATION

A girl spends 3/4 of her pocket money and has 90cents left. How
much did she have to start with?
3 1
1 90 cents
4 4
1 4 90 360 cents
The girl had RM 3.60 to start with.

A group, of school children went to a hamburger bar, 2/5 of them bought

hamburgers only, 1/4 bought chips only and the remainder bought drinks only

What fraction bought food?

What fraction bought drinks?

2 1

5 4
8 5 13

20
20

1)Food

13
20
20 13 7

20
20

2)Drink 1

PRACTICE 3
1. Jane takes 5 minutes to iron a blouse. How
many blouses can she iron in 23 minutes?
2. The profit of a business are RM 29 000. It is
shared between two partners A & B. If A
receives 9/20 of the profits, how much money
does B receive?
3. A man sells his car for RM 16 200 and as a
result, loses one tenth of the price he paid for it.
What price did he pay for it?
4. 5/8 of a fence has been built. If there is still 40
feet to be built, how long will the fence be?
5. A man left three eight of his money to his wife &
half the remainder to his son. The rest was
divided equally between his five daughters.
Determine what fraction of the money each
daughter received.

1.2 RATIO &

PROPORTION

WHAT IS
RATIO ?

Comparison of 2 numbers or quantities as quotient.

Represent by x/y or x : y.
Generally reduced to lowest terms like fraction (by
dividing the HCF of the numbers).
Derived from quantities measured in the same units
Its just number, dont have unit.
Its express the relationship between 2 or more
factors (or numbers)

1.2 RATIO &

PROPORTION

WHAT IS
RATIO ?

E.g. Simplify the ratio 200g : 1 kg (different units)

= 200g : 1000g
=1:5
Example: Expressed the following ratio to the lowest
78 3
term;
a) 78 : 52

52

5 3
:
8 8
12
8
c)
to
13 13
d) 10 cm 2 : 10 mm2

b)

1.2 RATIO &

PROPORTION

1.

WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?

The equality of 2 ratios

E.g. 5 : 2 = 25 : 10
To solve problems dealing with proportion, we use
cross multiplication.
Types of proportion:
Direct proportion
2.
If increase or decrease at the
same rate.
E.g. If we buy rice at RM 2 for 2
kg, then we expect to pay RM 4
for 4 kg.

Inverse proportion
If an increase (decrease) in one
quantity produces a decrease
(increase) in a second quantity
in the same time.
E.g. 5 men building a wall take
20 days. If 4 men, it will take
only 25 days.

1.2 RATIO &

PROPORTION

WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?

Examples:
1. Find the value of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x. 5 3 5 x 75
25

2. If a : b = 5 : 3, find
a.b : a
b.a : (a b)
c.b : (a + b)
d.(a b) : (a + b)
3. If a : c = 3 : 4, and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c

x 15

WHAT IS
PERCENTAGE ?

1.3 PERCENTAGE

Express a quantity as the number of parts in 100 parts.

Written as fraction, e.g. 20 percent = 20 % = 20/100 = 0.20
Conversion:
Then move dec. point
2 places to the right

x 100%

100%
Fractions

Percentage

x 100%

Decimal

100%

Then move dec. point

2 places to the left

1.3 PERCENTAGE

Example: Express each number as a fraction, decimal

and percent.
a. 86%
b. 5.6%
c. 8 %
d. 0.025
e. 1.5
f.
9/8
g. 17/1000