Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Session-1
Learning Organization
Just in time
Agile Manufacturing
Kanbans
Theory Of Constraint (TOC)
Goods
Services
Automobile
Computer
Installed carpeting
Fast-Food meal
Restaurant meal
Auto repair
Hospital care
Advertising agency
Investment management
Consulting services/teaching
Counseling
100
75
50
25
0
25
50
75
100
External environment
Customer or Client
Participation
Operations and transformations
Inputs
Workers
Managers
Equipment
Facilities
Materials
Services
Land
Energy
Outputs
Goods
Services
2
Information on
Performance
Transformations
Physical--manufacturing
Locational--transportation
Exchange--retailing
Storage--warehousing
Physiological--health care
Informational--telecommunications
Strategic (long-range)
Needs of customers
(capacity planning)
Tactical (medium-range)
Efficient scheduling of
resources
Operational planning
and control (short-range)
Immediate tasks and
activities
Classification of Productive
Systems
Project
Job Shop
Job Shop
Batch
Line Flow
Flow Shop
Continuous Flow
10
Project
Flow - no flow
Flexibility - very high
Products - unique
Capital investment for transformation - very low
Variable cost - very high
Labor content and skill - very high
Volume - one
Job Shop
Batch Process
Flow - continuous
Flexibility - very low
Products - one
Capital investment - very high
Variable cost - very low
Labor content and skill - very low, but with skilled
overseers
Volume - very high
Volume
Continuous
Production
Mass
Production
Batch Production
Job Shop
Production
Variety
Project
16
Example
17
Product-Process Matrix
Process
Flexibility
High
JOB SHOP
Jumbled Flow.
Process segments
loosely linked.
(Commercial Printer,
Architecture firm)
BATCH
Disconnected Line
Flow/Jumbled Flow
but a dominant flow
exists.
(Heavy Equipment,
Auto Repari)
LINE FLOWS
Connected Line
Flow (assembly line)
Continuous, automated,
rigid line flow.
Process segments tightly
linked.
Low
(Auto Assembly,
Car lubrication shop)
CONTINUOUS
FLOW
(Oil Refinery)
Low
High Standardization
Commodity Products
High volume
High
Few Major Products
Many Products
Low Standardization
One of a kind
Low Volume
Product
Variety
18
19
Semifinished Finished
Assemble-to-Order
Make-to-Order
CLIENT
SUPPLIER
Make-to-Stock
Engineer-to-Order
Forecast
Order
20
Product
Objective
Main operation
problems
MAKE-TO-STOCK
Producer-specified
Low variety
Inexpensive
Balance inventory,
Capacity, and Service
Forecasting
Planning production
Control of inventory
MAKE-TO-ORDER
Customer specified
High variety
Expensive
Manage delivery
lead times and
Capacity
Quality
Lead time
21
Push/Pull Strategies
Hybrid of push and pull strategies to overcome
disadvantages of each
Early stages of product assembly are done in a push
manner
PushPull
Boundary
Customized Product
Pull Strategy
End 22
Consumer
Organizational Model
Finance
Sales
HRM
POM
QA
Marketing
Engineering
MIS
Accounting
25
Thank You